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Ma C, Meng K, Shi S, Zhao T, Chen S, Zhou X, Shu R, Ma M, Tian M, Ding J. Clinical significance of interleukin-6, total bilirubin, CD3 + CD4 + T cells counts in the acute exacerbation of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:393. [PMID: 37773193 PMCID: PMC10543318 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a severe complication of connective tissue disease (CTD) that can significantly impact patients' prognosis and quality of life. However, the current diagnostic arena lacks reliable biomarkers for detecting and monitoring the progression and exacerbation of CTD-ILD. This study aimed to investigate the clinical value of 12 serum cytokines in the diagnosis of CTD-ILD and prediction of the risk of acute exacerbation (AE) in this disease. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional investigation. Ninety-one hospitalized CTD patients were allocated into two groups: CTD-ILD group (n = 61) and CTD-non-ILD group (n = 30), and 30 sex-age matched healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. The serum concentrations of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, and IL-1β were measured by Luminex suspension arrays. Logistic regression was employed to determine the significance of variables in the occurrence of AE-CTD-ILD. A nomogram was constructed to visualize the independent variables. RESULTS Elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were observed and compared in the CTD-ILD group with CTD-non-ILD (all P < 0.05). Similarly, the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were higher in the acute exacerbation (AE-CTD-ILD) group compared with stable CTD-ILD (S-CTD-ILD) (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.022). Significant correlations between serum IL-6 and PaO2/FiO2 ratio (r = - 0.463, P < 0.001), percent predicted forced vital capacity (FVC%; r = - 0.362, P < 0.05), and total ground-glass opacity (GGO) score (r = 0.439, P < 0.001) were observed in CTD-ILD patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated IL-6 levels, total bilirubin (TBil), and decreased CD3 + CD4 + T cells counts were independent risk factors for the occurrence of AE-CTD-ILD (OR = 1.121, P = 0.024; OR = 1.865, P = 0.047; OR = 0.983, P = 0.037, respectively). Furthermore, by employing these three variables in combination for the prediction of AE status, their collective impact surpasses the independent effects of any single biomarker. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of serum IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were associated with the complication of ILD in CTD patients and the occurrence of AE in CTD-ILD patients. IL-6 could be a promising serum biomarker of severity and the occurrence of AE in CTD-ILD patients. The combination of the three variables (IL-6 level, TBil and CD3 + CD4 + T cells) predicted the AE-CTD-ILD better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxing Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Kaifang Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenyun Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruilu Shu
- Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Arai T, Akira M, Sugimoto C, Tachibana K, Inoue Y, Shintani S, Okuma T, Kasai T, Hayashi S, Inoue Y. Seroradiologic prognostic evaluation of acute exacerbation in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: a retrospective observational study. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:4132-4147. [PMID: 32944325 PMCID: PMC7475580 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously reported that high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns and certain serum marker levels can predict survival in patients with acute exacerbation (AE) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and in those with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs). The utility of serum marker changes before and during AE has not been previously evaluated. This study aimed to clarify whether changes in serum marker levels could improve the prognostic significance of HRCT patterns in patients with AE-IIPs. Methods Seventy-seven patients (60 males, 17 females) with AE-IIP diagnosed between 2004 and 2016 and whose serum Krebs von den Lungen (KL)-6 and surfactant protein (SP)-D levels were measured before and at the onset of AE were enrolled in this study. The HRCT pattern of each patient was classified as diffuse, multifocal, or peripheral. We examined the prognostic significance of the HRCT pattern, increased serum marker levels, and a combination of these parameters using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Results Fifty-three patients had IPF and 24 had non-IPF IIP. A serum KL-6 level that was increased compared with the level in the stable state (ΔKL-6/ST-KL-6: ≤0.211) was a significantly poor prognostic factor in patients with a multifocal pattern. Multivariate Cox analysis identified long-term oxygen therapy, a partial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio ≤200 Torr, and an elevated SP-D level during a stable state to be significantly poor prognostic factors in all patients. A diffuse HRCT pattern was not a significant prognostic factor in an AE-IIP in multivariate analysis after adjustment; however, a multifocal pattern accompanying a ΔKL-6/ST-KL-6 ≤0.211 or a diffuse pattern was a significantly poor prognostic factor than a peripheral pattern or a multifocal pattern with ΔKL-6/ST-KL-6 >0.211. Conclusions Combining the HRCT pattern and the ΔKL-6/ST-KL-6 value can improve our ability to predict the survival of AE-IIP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Arai
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Akira
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikatoshi Sugimoto
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Tachibana
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayoko Shintani
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okuma
- Department of Radiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-Machi, Abeno-Ku, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kasai
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Hayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-Cho, Kita-Ku, Sakai City, Osaka, Japan
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Nouno T, Okamoto M, Ohnishi K, Kaieda S, Tominaga M, Zaizen Y, Ichiki M, Momosaki S, Nakamura M, Fujimoto K, Fukuoka J, Shimizu S, Komohara Y, Hoshino T. Elevation of pulmonary CD163 + and CD204 + macrophages is associated with the clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:4005-4017. [PMID: 31656675 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background M2-like/repair macrophages are thought to contribute to fibrotic process of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We analyzed the association between pulmonary accumulation of M2-like macrophages and survival in IPF patients. Methods Lung tissues were obtained by surgical lung biopsy from patients with IPF (n=16), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP, n=8) and control subjects (n=14). Samples were also obtained at autopsy from 9 patients who died of acute exacerbation (AE) of IPF. Lung specimens and/or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells-derived macrophages were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of CD68 (pan-macrophage marker), CD163, and CD204 (M2-like macrophage markers), and by in situ mRNA hybridization and ELISA for production of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Results CD68+, CD163+, and CD204+ cell counts and CD163+/CD68+ and CD204+/CD68+ cell ratios were comparable in IPF and NSIP lung tissues and significantly higher than in control tissues. IPF-AE lung samples contained significantly elevated CD68+ and CD163+ cell counts and CD163+/CD68+ cell ratio compared with IPF samples, whereas CD204+ cell counts and CD204+/CD68+ cells ratio did not differ. High CD163+/CD68+ and CD204+/CD68+ cell ratios were significantly associated with shorter overall survival and time-to-AE in IPF patients. In vitro-differentiated human CD163+ and CD204+ macrophages both secreted TGF-β1; however, the novel IPF drug pentraxin 2/serum amyloid protein could suppress secretion only by CD204+ macrophages. Conclusions Pulmonary accumulation of CD163+ and CD204+ macrophages is associated with worse clinical course in IPF patients. Suppression of macrophage activation and TGF-β1 secretion may be a potential therapeutic target for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nouno
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan
| | - Koji Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kaieda
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masaki Tominaga
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Zaizen
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masao Ichiki
- Department of Respirology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Jigyohama, Chuou-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiya Momosaki
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Jigyohama, Chuou-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kiminori Fujimoto
- Department of Radiology and Center for Diagnostic Imaging, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshino
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan
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Ito J, Nagata K, Morimoto T, Kogo M, Fujimoto D, Nakagawa A, Otsuka K, Tomii K. Respiratory management of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia using high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy: a single center cohort study. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:103-112. [PMID: 30863578 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The role of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in respiratory management of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia (AE-IP) is unknown. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients with AE-IP who were admitted to our hospital from June 2009 - May 2015 and compared mortality, complications, sedatives and analgesia use, and oral intake between cohorts before (pre-HFNC: June 2009 - May 2012) and after (post-HFNC: June 2012 - May 2015) the introduction of HFNC. In the pre-HFNC cohort, standard oxygen therapy, noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) were used for respiratory management of AE-IP. In the post-HFNC cohort, HFNC was also used as an alternative to NIV in patients (I) who had refused NIV; (II) unable to cooperate, (III) intolerant to NIV, or (IV) who improved in respiratory parameters after NIV treatment for weaning. Results Fifty-three pre-HFNC patients and 43 post-HFNC patients were enrolled. Neither the baseline characteristics at admission nor the major pharmacotherapy for AE-IP differed between the two cohorts. Twenty-eight (52.8%) patients and 19 (44.2%) patients required any respiratory support, in pre- and post-HFNC cohort, respectively (P=0.40). After introduction of HFNC, it was used in 40% of the patients who required respiratory support and NIV use was significantly reduced from 49.1% to 16.3% (P<0.001). The post-HFNC cohort had significantly lower in-hospital mortality than the pre-HFNC cohort (27.9% vs. 49.1%, P=0.04). The incidence of complications was not significantly different between the two cohorts. The use of sedoanalgesia during respiratory support and the number of patients who discontinued oral intake for >24 hours were decreased after the introduction of HFNC (78.6% vs. 31.6%, P<0.001; 52.8% vs. 23.3%, P=0.003). Conclusions HFNC might be a feasible option in respiratory management of AE-IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Clinical Research Center, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Mariko Kogo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daichi Fujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Otsuka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Abstract
Background There is currently no recognized treatment for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF), and the effect of cyclosporine A in patients with AE-IPF remains unknown. Methods We identified patients with AE-IPF who received high-dose methylprednisolone plus cyclosporine A or high-dose methylprednisolone alone from July 1, 2010, to March 31, 2014, using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database in Japan. We compared in-hospital mortality between patients with and without cyclosporine A by multivariable logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for patient and hospital covariates. Unmeasured confounders were accounted for by instrumental variable analysis based on differential distance. Results Eligible patients (n=7,989) were divided into a high-dose methylprednisolone plus cyclosporine A group (n=384) and a high-dose methylprednisolone alone group (n=7,605). There was no significant difference in terms of in-hospital mortality between the groups according to multivariable logistic regression [odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99-1.64; P=0.06] or instrumental variable analysis (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.12-7.67; P=0.96). Conclusions Cyclosporine A did not reduce in-hospital mortality in patients with AE-IPF. Randomised controlled studies are required to confirm this apparent lack of effect of cyclosporine A in AE-IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Aso
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Xiao K, Guo C, Su L, Yan P, Li X, Xie L. Prognostic value of different scoring models in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome associated with acute COPD exacerbation. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:329-36. [PMID: 25922710 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.11.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an increasing healthcare concern as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Our objective was to predict the outcome of COPD patients associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) by scoring models. METHODS A retrospective study was performed on severe COPD patients within 24 hours of the onset of MODS. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, APACHE III, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS), Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were calculated for patients. RESULTS A total of 153 elderly patients were recruited. Compared to 30-day survivors, the number of failing organs and all of the scoring models were significantly higher in 30-day non-survivors. The SOFA showed the highest sensitivity and area under the curve (AUC) for predicting the prognosis of patients with MODS induced by acute exacerbation of COPD. The results of logistic regression indicated that factors that were correlated with the prognosis of COPD included the exacerbation history, SOFA score, number of failing organs, and duration of ICU stay. The value of exacerbation frequency for predicting the outcome of COPD was excellent (AUC: 0.892), with a sensitivity of 0.851 and a specificity of 0.797. CONCLUSIONS The SOFA score, determined at the onset of MODS in elderly patients with COPD, was a reliable predictor of the prognosis. The exacerbation frequency, number of failing organs, and the SOFA score were risk factors of a poor prognosis, and the exacerbation frequency could also effectively predict the outcome of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xiao
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China ; 2 Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100037, China ; 3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100032, China ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chao Guo
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China ; 2 Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100037, China ; 3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100032, China ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Longxiang Su
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China ; 2 Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100037, China ; 3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100032, China ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Peng Yan
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China ; 2 Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100037, China ; 3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100032, China ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Li
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China ; 2 Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100037, China ; 3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100032, China ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China ; 2 Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100037, China ; 3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100032, China ; 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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