Significant CO2 emission in the shallow inshore waters of the southeastern Yellow Sea in 2020

This study investigated the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 exchange in the inshore waters along South Korea's western coastline in 2020. Overlooking these waters might introduce significant errors in estimating air-sea CO2 fluxes of the southeastern Yellow Sea, given their interaction with land, offshore regions, and sediments. During periods other than summer, seasonal variations in seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) could be generally explained by thermal effects. Tidal mixing and shallow depths resulted in weaker stratification-induced carbon export compared to offshore regions. However, during summer, inshore waters exhibited high spatial variability in pCO2, ranging from approximately 185 to 1000 μatm. In contrast to offshore waters that modestly absorbed CO2, inshore waters shallower than 20 m emitted ∼100 Gg C yr-1 to the atmosphere. However, considering the high heterogeneity of the study area, additional observations with high spatial and temporal resolution are required to refine estimates of air-sea CO2 exchange.

CO2 fluxes in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean based on measurements from a surface ocean observation platform

The seasonal and spatial variability of the CO₂ system parameters and CO₂ air-sea exchange were studied in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean between the northwest African coastal upwelling and the oligotrophic open-ocean waters of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Data was collected aboard a volunteer observing ship from February 2019 to February 2020. The seasonal and spatial variability of CO₂ fugacity in seawater (fCO_2,sw) was strongly driven by the seasonal temperature variation, which increased with latitude and was lower throughout the year in coastal regions where the upwelling and offshore transport was more intense. The thermal to biological effect ratio (T/B) was approximately 2, with minimum values along the African coastline related to higher biological activity in the upwelled waters. The fCO_2,sw increased from winter to summer by 11.84 ± 0.28 μatm°C^-1 on the inter-island routes and by 11.71 ± 0.25 μatm°C^-1 along the northwest African continental shelf. The seasonality of total inorganic carbon normalized to constant salinity of 36.7 (NC_T) was studied throughout the region. The effect of biological processes and calcification/dissolution on NC_T between February and October represented >90% of the reduction of inorganic carbon while air-sea exchange described <6%. The seasonality of air-sea CO₂ exchange was controlled by temperature. The surface waters of the entire region acted as a CO₂ sink during the cold months and as a CO₂ source during the warm months. The Canary basin acted as a net sink of -0.26 ± 0.04 molC m^-2 yr^-1. The northwest African continental shelf behaved as a stronger sink at -0.48 ± 0.09 molC m^-2 yr^-1. The calculated average CO₂ flux for the entire area was -2.65 ± 0.44 TgCO₂ yr^-1 (-0.72 ± 0.12 TgC yr^-1).