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Franz CE, Hatton SN, Elman JA, Warren T, Gillespie NA, Whitsel NA, Puckett OK, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Hauger RL, McKenzie R, Neale MC, Panizzon MS, Pearce RC, Reynolds CA, Sanderson-Cimino M, Toomey R, Tu XM, Williams M, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Lifestyle and the aging brain: interactive effects of modifiable lifestyle behaviors and cognitive ability in men from midlife to old age. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 108:80-89. [PMID: 34547718 PMCID: PMC8862767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined the influence of lifestyle on brain aging after nearly 30 years, and tested the hypothesis that young adult general cognitive ability (GCA) would moderate these effects. In the community-dwelling Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA), 431 largely non-Hispanic white men completed a test of GCA at mean age 20. We created a modifiable lifestyle behavior composite from data collected at mean age 40. During VETSA, MRI-based measures at mean age 68 included predicted brain age difference (PBAD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain signature, and abnormal white matter scores. There were significant main effects of young adult GCA and lifestyle on PBAD and the AD signature (ps ≤ 0.012), and a GCA-by-lifestyle interaction on both (ps ≤ 0.006). Regardless of GCA level, having more favorable lifestyle behaviors predicted less advanced brain age and less AD-like brain aging. Unfavorable lifestyles predicted advanced brain aging in those with lower age 20 GCA, but did not affect brain aging in those with higher age 20 GCA. Targeting early lifestyle modification may promote dementia risk reduction, especially among lower reserve individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Warren
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan A Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Olivia K Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruth McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rahul C Pearce
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - McKenna Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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