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Liu X, He B, Zhang J, Yuan C, Han S, Du G, Shi J, Sun J, Zhang B. Phytosterol conversion into C9 non-hydroxylated derivatives through gene regulation in Mycobacterium fortuitum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7635-7646. [PMID: 37831185 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC) are important drug intermediates that can be biosynthesized from phytosterols. However, the C9 hydroxylation of steroids via 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase (KSH) limits AD and 4-HBC accumulation. Five active KshAs, the oxidation component of KSH, were identified in Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 35855 for the first time. The deletion of kshAs indicated that the five KshA genes were jointly responsible for C9 hydroxylation during phytosterol biotransformation. MFKDΔkshA, the five KshAs deficient strain, blocked C9 hydroxylation and produced 5.37 g/L AD and 0.55 g/L 4-HBC. The dual function reductase Opccr knockout and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Hsd4A enhancement reduced 4-HBC content from 8.75 to 1.72% and increased AD content from 84.13 to 91.34%, with 8.24 g/L AD being accumulated from 15 g/L phytosterol. In contrast, hsd4A and thioesterase fadA5 knockout resulted in the accumulation of 5.36 g/L 4-HBC from 10 g/L phytosterol. We constructed efficient AD (MFKDΔkshAΔopccr_hsd4A) and 4-HBC (MFKDΔkshAΔhsd4AΔfadA5) producers and provided insights for further metabolic engineering of the M. fortuitum ATCC 35855 strain for steroid productions. KEY POINTS: • Five active KshAs were first identified in M. fortuitum ATCC 35855. • Deactivation of all five KshAs blocks the steroid C9 hydroxylation reaction. • AD or 4-HBC production was improved by Hsd4A, FadA5, and Opccr modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcen Liu
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Beiru He
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chenyang Yuan
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Suwan Han
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guilin Du
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiping Shi
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Junsong Sun
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Baoguo Zhang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Heidary M, Ghasemi S, Habibi Z, Ansari F. Biotransformation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and nandrolone decanoate by genera of Aspergillus and Fusarium. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1767-1775. [PMID: 32358727 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of five fungal species belonging to two genera of Aspergillus and Fusarium has been examined in the microbial transformation of androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione (AD). Furthermore, the biotransformation of nandrolone decanoate (2) by F. fujikuroi has been studied. AD (1) was converted by cultures of Aspergillus sp. PTCC 5266 to form 11α-hydroxy-AD (3) as the only product, with a yield of 86% in 3 days. Moreover, two hydroxylated metabolites 11α-hydroxy-AD (3, 65%) and 7β-hydroxy-AD (4; 18%) were isolated in biotransformation of AD by A. nidulans. On the other hand, it was metabolized by F. oxysporum to produce 14α-hydroxy-AD (5; 38%) and testosterone (6; 12%). Microbial transformation of AD by F. solani led to the production of 11α-hydroxy-AD (3; 54%) and testosterone (6; 14%). AD was reduced at the 17-position by F. fujikuroi to produce testosterone in the yield of 42%. Finally, nandrolone decanoate was transformed by F. fujikuroi via hydrolysis and oxidation at the 17-position to produce two metabolites namely 17β-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (7, 25.4%) and estr-4-en-3,17-dione (8, 33%), respectively. The all metabolites were purified and subsequently identified based on their spectra data analysis and comparing them to the literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Heidary
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Habibi
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ansari
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C, Tehran, Iran
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Kollerov V, Shutov A, Kazantsev A, Donova M. Biotransformation of androstenedione and androstadienedione by selected Ascomycota and Zygomycota fungal strains. Phytochemistry 2020; 169:112160. [PMID: 31600654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi is a huge phylum of lower eukaryotes with diverse activities towards various substrates, however, their biocatalytic potential towards steroids remains greatly underestimated. In this study, more than forty Ascomycota and Zygomycota fungal strains of 23 different genera were screened for the ability to catalyze structural modifications of 3-oxo-androstane steroids, - androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD). Previously unexplored for these purposes strains of Absidia, Acremonium, Beauveria, Cunninghamella, Doratomyces, Drechslera, Fusarium, Gibberella genera were revealed capable of producing in a good yield valuable 7α-, 7β-, 11α- and 14α-hydroxylated derivatives, as well as 17β-reduced and 1(2)-dehydrogenated androstanes. The bioconversion routes of AD and ADD were proposed based on the key intermediates identification and time courses of the bioprocesses. Six ascomycete strains were discovered to provide effective 7β-hydroxylation of ADD which has not been so far reported. The structures of major products and intermediates were confirmed by HPLC, mass-spectrometry (MS), 1H and 13C NMR analyses. The results contribute to the knowledge on the functional diversity of steroid-transforming filamentous fungi. Previously unexplored fungal biocatalysts capable of effective performing structural modification of AD and ADD can be applied for industrial bioprocesses of new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Kollerov
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya ul, 4, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Andrei Shutov
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya ul, 4, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey Kazantsev
- Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gori, 1, Chemical Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Donova
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya ul, 4, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Wu Q, Wang M, Zhu D, Ma Y. Regio- and stereoselective reduction of 17-oxosteroids to 17β-hydroxysteroids by a yeast strain Zygowilliopsis sp. WY7905. Steroids 2017; 118:17-24. [PMID: 27864020 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of 17-oxosteroids to 17β-hydroxysteroids is one of the important transformations for the preparation of many steroidal drugs and intermediates. The strain Zygowilliopsis sp. WY7905 was found to catalyze the reduction of C-17 carbonyl group of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) to give testosterone (TS) as the sole product by the constitutive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). The optimal conditions for the reduction were pH 8.0 and 30°C with supplementing 10g/l glucose and 1% Tween 80 (w/v). Under the optimized transformation conditions, 0.75g/l AD was reduced to a single product TS with >90% yield and >99% diastereomeric excess (de) within 24h. This strain also reduced other 17-oxosteroids such as estrone, 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one and norandrostenedione, to give the corresponding 17β-hydroxysteroids, while the C-3 and C-20 carbonyl groups were intact. The absence of by-products in this microbial 17β-reduction would facilitate the product purification. As such, the strain might serve as a useful biocatalyst for this important transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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Bragin EY, Shtratnikova VY, Dovbnya DV, Schelkunov MI, Pekov YA, Malakho SG, Egorova OV, Ivashina TV, Sokolov SL, Ashapkin VV, Donova MV. Comparative analysis of genes encoding key steroid core oxidation enzymes in fast-growing Mycobacterium spp. strains. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:41-53. [PMID: 23474435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A comparative genome analysis of Mycobacterium spp. VKM Ac-1815D, 1816D and 1817D strains used for efficient production of key steroid intermediates (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, AD, androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, ADD, 9α-hydroxy androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, 9-OH-AD) from phytosterol has been carried out by deep sequencing. The assembled contig sequences were analyzed for the presence putative genes of steroid catabolism pathways. Since 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylases (KSH) and 3-ketosteroid-Δ(1)-dehydrogenase (Δ(1) KSTD) play key role in steroid core oxidation, special attention was paid to the genes encoding these enzymes. At least three genes of Δ(1) KSTD (kstD), five genes of KSH subunit A (kshA), and one gene of KSH subunit B of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylases (kshB) have been found in Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D. Strains of Mycobacterium spp. VKM Ac-1815D and 1816D were found to possess at least one kstD, one kshB and two kshA genes. The assembled genome sequence of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D differs from those of 1815D and 1816D strains, whereas these last two are nearly identical, differing by 13 single nucleotide substitutions (SNPs). One of these SNPs is located in the coding region of a kstD gene and corresponds to an amino acid substitution Lys (135) in 1816D for Ser (135) in 1815D. The findings may be useful for targeted genetic engineering of the biocatalysts for biotechnological application.
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Key Words
- 2,3-dehydroxyphenyl dioxygenase
- 2-enoyl acyl-CoA hydratase
- 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate hydratase
- 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione 4,5-dioxygenase
- 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione monooxygenase
- 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione monooxygenase subunit
- 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase
- 3-ketosteroid-Δ(1)-dehydrogenase
- 3β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase
- 4,5:9,10-diseco-3-hydroxy-5,9,17-trioxoandrosta-1(10),2-diene-4-oate hydrolase
- 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase
- 9-OH-AD
- 9α-hydroxy androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
- AD
- ADD
- Androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione
- Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
- BWA
- Broadband-Wheeler Aligner
- CTAB
- ChoX
- ChoX(D,E)
- EchA19
- FAD
- FadA5
- FadD17
- FadD19
- FadE26
- FadE27
- FadE28
- Genome sequencing
- HSD
- HTH-type transcriptional repressor
- HsaA
- HsaAB
- HsaB
- HsaC
- HsaD
- HsaE
- HsaF
- HsaG
- Hsd4A
- Hsd4B
- KSH
- KshA
- KshB
- KstR
- KstR2
- Ltp2
- Ltp3
- Ltp4
- Mycobacterium
- ORFs
- PWM
- Phytosterol
- SNP
- Steroid bioconversion
- TesB
- YrbE4A
- YrbE4B
- acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
- acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase
- acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- acyl-CoA synthetase
- acyl-CoA thioesterase II
- androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
- androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione
- base pair
- bp
- cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
- cholesterol oxidase
- enoyl-CoA hydratase
- flavin adenine dinucleotide
- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- integral membrane protein
- lipid transfer protein 4 (keto acyl-CoA thiolase)
- lipid-transfer protein 2
- lipid-transfer protein 3 (acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase)
- open reading frames
- position weight matrix
- single nucleotide substitution
- subunit A of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase
- subunit B of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylases
- Δ(1) KSTD
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yu Bragin
- Center of Innovations and Technologies "Biological Active Compounds and Their Applications", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation; G.K.Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry & Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
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