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Liu Y, Guo L, Hou M, Gao H, Ke Y, Yang H, Si F. T790M mutation upconversion fluorescence biosensor via mild ATRP strategy and site-specific DNA cleavage of restriction endonuclease. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:148. [PMID: 38374311 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
A unique combination of a specific nucleic acid restriction endonuclease (REase) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) signal amplification strategy was employed for the detection of T790M mutations prevalent in the adjuvant diagnosis of lung cancer. REase selectively recognizes and cleaves T790M mutation sites on double-stranded DNA formed by hybridization of a capture sequence and a target sequence. At the same time, the ATRP strategy resulted in the massive aggregation of upconverted nanoparticles (UCNPs), which significantly improved the sensitivity of the biosensor. In addition, the UCNPs have excellent optical properties and can eliminate the interference of autofluorescence in the samples, thus further improving the detection sensitivity. The proposed upconversion fluorescent biosensor is characterized by high specificity, high sensitivity, mild reaction conditions, fast response time, and a detection limit as low as 0.14 fM. The performance of the proposed biosensor is comparable to that of clinical PCR methods when applied to clinical samples. This work presents a new perspective for assisted diagnosis in the pre-intervention stage of tumor diagnostics in the early stage of precision oncology treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Liu
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Hou
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Gao
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanmeng Ke
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaixia Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuchun Si
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wang Q, Yang Z, Feng X, Liu X. Modification of nanocellulose via atom transfer radical polymerization and its reinforcing effect in waterborne UV-curable resin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126743. [PMID: 37689290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are green reinforcing materials, and their potential has been evaluated in the preparation of waterborne UV-curable resin composites with high-performance. Herein, we present a novel and scalable approach for preparing surface-modified CNCs with acrylic-based polymers to strengthen the compatibility and interaction between CNCs and UV-curable resins. Using tert-butyl acrylate as the monomer, the nanocellulose grafted copolymer CNC-g-PtBA was successfully synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a macromolecular initiator. Then, the CNC-g-PtBA is blended into the acrylic resin as a nanofiller to prepare the UV-curable nanocomposite. The results indicated that the contact angle of the CNCs increased from 38.7° to approximately 74.8°, and their thermal stability was significantly improved after graft modification. This contributed to the effective alleviation of the agglomeration phenomenon of nanocomposites due to the high hydrophilicity of pure CNCs. Notably, not only was the UV curing efficiency of the nanocomposites greatly increased but the mechanical properties were also further enhanced. Specifically, with the addition of 0.5 wt% CNC-g-PtBA, the curing time of the nanocomposite was shortened from >30 mins down to approximately 6 mins, and the bending strength was increased from 10 MPa for the original resin and 5 MPa for the addition of pure CNCs to 14.3 MPa, and the bending modulus was also greatly increased (up to approximately 730 MPa). Compared to pure CNCs, they are compatible with the resin, exhibiting high mechanical strength and flexibility, and have virtually no effect on the light transmission of the nanocomposites. Additionally, dielectric analysis (DEA) was used to monitor the dielectric constant and conductivity of the UV-curable nanocomposites in real time to further characterize their curing kinetics. The permittivity of these nanocomposites increased by 125 % compared to pristine resin, which shows potential for applications in high dielectric composites or for improving electrical conductivity. This work provides a feasible method for preparing UV-curable nanocomposites with high curing efficiency and permittivity, realizing a wider application of this high-performance nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhaozhe Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xinhao Feng
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xinyou Liu
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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WIBOWO AA, BÜTÜN V. pH-responsive intermediary layer cross-linked micelles from zwitterionic triblock copolymers and investigation of their drug-release behaviors. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:1103-1115. [PMID: 38173758 PMCID: PMC10760816 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
ABC-type triblock copolymers, namely poly[(ethylene glycol)methyl ether]-block-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate)-block-poly[2-N-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (MPEG-b-PBuMA-b-PDPA), were first synthesized and then the middle blocks were successfully converted into poly(methacrylic acid) to obtain MPEG-b-PMAA-b-PDPA zwitterionic triblock copolymers. These block copolymers were soluble in water and formed micellar aggregates with complex cores via hydrogen bonding interactions between MPEG and PMAA blocks below pH 4.0. When the pH was between 5.0 and 7.0, due to charge compensation between partially protonated PDPA and partially ionized PMAA blocks, micelles with polyion complex cores were observed. If the solution pH was above 8.0, deprotonation of tertiary amine groups provided a hydrophobic character to the PDPA block, which resulted in the formation of PDPA-core micelles while MPEG/anionic PMAA hybrid blocks formed hydrated coronas. Intermediary layer cross-linked (ILCL) micelles from PDPA-core micelles were also prepared by cross-linking the inner PMAA shell. The hydrophobic drug dipyridamole (DIP) was used to investigate the release profile of ILCL micelles. DIP can be loaded to the PDPA cores of the micelles in basic aqueous media. An increase in the degree of cross-linking causes slower release for the model drug. It was concluded that the more complex matrix formation in the intermediary layer of the micelles via cross-linking retards the drug release from the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Ari WIBOWO
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Institute of Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Meşelik Campus, Eskişehir,
Turkiye
| | - Vural BÜTÜN
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Institute of Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Meşelik Campus, Eskişehir,
Turkiye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir,
Turkiye
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Hou M, Ma L, Yang H, Si F, Liu Y. Background-free and signal-amplified upconversion fluorescent biosensing platform for sensitive detection of CYFRA21-1. Talanta 2023; 262:124659. [PMID: 37220688 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and ultrasensitive detection of cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) is of vital importance for screening and diagnosis of potential lung cancer patient. In this paper, surface-modified upconversion nanomaterials (UCNPs) capable of aggregation by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were used as luminescent materials for the first time to achieve signal-stable, low-biological background, and sensitive detection of CYFRA21-1. Upconversion nanomaterials (UCNPs) feature extremely low biological background signals and narrow emission peaks, making them ideal sensor luminescent materials. The combination of UCNPs and ATRP not only improves sensitivity, but also reduces biological background interference for detecting CYFRA21-1. The target CYFRA21-1 was captured by specific binding of the antigen and the antibody. Subsequently, the end of the sandwich structure with the initiator reacts with monomers modified on UCNPs. Then, massive UCNPs are aggregated by ATRP that amplify the detection signal exponentially. Under optimal conditions, a linear calibration plot of the logarithm of CYFRA21-1 concentration versus the upconversion fluorescence intensity was obtained in the range of 1 pg/mL to 100 μg/mL with a detection limit of 38.7 fg/mL. The proposed upconversion fluorescent platform can distinguish the analogues of the target with excellent selectivity. Besides, the precision and accuracy of the developed upconversion fluorescent platform were verified by clinical methods. As an enhanced upconversion fluorescent platform of CYFRA21-1, it is expected to be useful in screening potential patients with NSCLC and provides a promising solution for the high-performance detection of other tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Hou
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Lele Ma
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Huaixia Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Fuchun Si
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Prescription-Syndrome Signal Transduction of Traditional Chinese Medicine, International Joint Laboratory of Prescription-Syndrome Signal Transduction of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Yanju Liu
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
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Ahmad T, Liu X, Guria C. Preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane blended with acrylamide grafted bentonite for oily water treatment. Chemosphere 2023; 310:136840. [PMID: 36257392 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current work aims to advance the hydrophilicity, morphology, and antifouling characteristics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes for oily wastewater separation by incorporating modified bentonite. The surface of bentonite nanoparticles is altered by adopting the "grafting from" method using the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) approach. The PVC-based membrane is first prepared by blending acrylamide grafted bentonite (AAm-g-bentonite). AAm is grafted on bentonite in the presence of 2,2'-Bipyridyl and copper (I) bromide as a catalyst. The modified bentonite nanoparticles are studied using multiple techniques, such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), sedimentation tests, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), etc. Flat-sheet PVC-based membrane is prepared by blending AAm-g-bentonite using the nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) technique. Different methods, including FE-SEM, FTIR, sedimentation test, contact angle, porosity, antifouling property, and filtration studies of pure and oily water, are used to characterize and determine the performance of mixed-matrix membranes. Membrane performance is improved in the presence of modified bentonite (i.e., AAm-g-bentonite), with the best result achieved at PVC/AAm-g-ben-8 (i.e., 8 wt % of AAm-g-bentonite). Enhanced pure water flux (293.14 Lm-2h-1), permeate flux (123.96 Lm-2h-1), and oil rejection >93.2% are obtained by the reduced contact angle (49.1°) and improved porosity (71.22%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tausif Ahmad
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India.
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Centre, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandan Guria
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India.
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6
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Li Y, Sun N, Ma S, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li X. Magnetic thermo-responsive branched polymer for fast extraction and enrichment of phenolic acids in olive oil with tunable and enhanced performance. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340359. [PMID: 36156232 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic thermo-responsive branched polymer (Fe3O4@poly(glycidyl methacrylate)@poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)) was fabricated for the first time and applied for microwave-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction of phenolic acids in olive oil samples followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Owing to the controllable molecular weight of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and the thermo-responsive characteristic of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), extraction performance could be efficiently tuned and enhanced. The whole sample pretreatment process was accomplished within 1 min with the help of the microwave. The nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer, water contact angles and dynamic light scattering. The adsorption experimental data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The factors affecting the extraction process including adsorbent amount, adsorption time, sample volume, desorption conditions and interferents were investigated and optimized. Under the most favorable conditions, the developed method showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 97.98%) in the range of 0.2-30 μg L-1, low limits of detection (0.005-0.030 μg L-1) and limits of quantification (0.016-0.098 μg L-1) as well as satisfactory precision (RSDs≤4.85%). Our proposed method was successfully used for determination of phenolic acids in olive oil samples and satisfactory recoveries at three spiked concentration levels were in the range of 84.6-108.1% with RSDs less than 9.20%. Coupled with principal component analysis, our developed method proved promising for fast and convenient differentiation between extra virgin olive oils and refined olive oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Ningning Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Songxin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road North, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
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7
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Wu D, Lv P, Feng Q, Jiang Y, Yang H, Alfred M, Wei Q. Biomass-derived nanocellulose aerogel enable highly efficient immobilization of laccase for the degradation of organic pollutants. Bioresour Technol 2022; 356:127311. [PMID: 35569713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laccase is a promising biocatalyst for pollutant degradation and water purification. However, laccase can only improve the stability of enzyme activity and achieve its significant catalytic effect after effective immobilization. Herein, we report a general strategy to integrate nanocellulose aerogel and laccase for high-efficiency degradation of organic pollutants. Biomass-derived functional bacterial cellulose (BC) aerogel with a nanonetwork structure and high porosity was prepared by biosynthesis, solvent replacement, and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) procedures. Subsequently, a biocatalyst platform was fabricated by "coupling" ATRP-modified BC aerogel with abundant active sites with laccase through ion coordination. The results demonstrated the biocatalyst platform not only has good biological affinity, but also has high enzyme load and structural stability. Meanwhile, the degradation rates of reactive red X-3B and 2, 4-dichlorophenol reached 94.5% and 85.2% within 4 h, respectively. The strategy disclosed herein could provide a practical method for the degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingsheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fabrics, College of Textiles and Clothing, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Pengfei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Quan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fabrics, College of Textiles and Clothing, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China
| | - Hanrui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Mensah Alfred
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fabrics, College of Textiles and Clothing, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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Sun H, Liu J, Qiu Y, Kong J, Zhang X. High sensitive electrochemical methamphetamine detection in serum and urine via atom transfer radical polymerization signal amplification. Talanta 2022; 238:123026. [PMID: 34857345 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we designed a highly sensitive and selective biosensor for methamphetamine (METH) detection based on aptamer recognition probe and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) signal amplification strategy. In this experiment, METH aptamer and its complementary DNA strand were first attached to the electrode surface. In the presence of METH, the prioritized conjugation between METH and the aptamer will take one strand of DNA from the double-stranded DNA, so that the third segment of azide-modified DNA could be successfully modified onto the electrode surface. Through click chemistry and ATRP polymerization, the monomers with ferrocene were polymerized into a long chain, and the signal was amplified, then high-sensitivity detection of METH can be carried out. The result showed that the sensor could detect METH as low as 17 fM, which is about two orders of magnitude lower than that by traditional METH detection methods. Moreover, when different concentrations of METH were added to serum and urine, the recovery rate of the biosensor was as high as 93%. Therefore, using nucleic acid aptamer as capture probe and ATRP as signal amplification strategy can provide a promising application platform for sensitive detection of low concentration toxicants.
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9
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Kalelkar PP, Geng Z, Cox B, Finn MG, Collard DM. Surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of bactericidal polymer brushes on poly(lactic acid) surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 211:112242. [PMID: 34929482 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have modified the surface of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) by bromination in the presence of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under UV irradiation. This new approach to impart functionality to the surface does not effect the bulk of the material. Brominated PLA surfaces served as initiators for atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride, a quaternary ammonium methacrylate (QMA). Grafting of poly(QMA) brushes rendered PLA films hydrophilic and these films displayed a three-order of magnitude increase in antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli as compared to unmodified PLA. The two-step strategy described here to modify PLA surface represents a useful route to modified PLA materials for biomedical and antimicrobial packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav P Kalelkar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Bronson Cox
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - David M Collard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.
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Li X, Lu J, Li Z, Yang H, Li W, Liu Y, Miao M. Electrochemical detection of alkaline phosphatase activity via atom transfer radical polymerization. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 144:107998. [PMID: 34808503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is a diagnostic indicator for a variety of clinical diseases. In this study, an electrochemical method for detecting ALP activity through activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) was developed. Specifically, 3-mercaptopropionic (MPA) was firstly fixed on the electrode through sulfur-gold bonding. Subsequently, α-bromophenylacetic acid (BPAA) as initiator was attached to MPA through the recognized carboxylate-Zr4+-phosphate chemistry. Finally, in the existence of ALP, L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (AAPS) was hydrolyzed to produce ascorbic acid (AA) which participated in the ARGET ATRP reaction, grafting polymer containing plenty of ferrocene electroactive probes on the surface of electrode. Under optimal experimental conditions, this method had a linear scope of 20-200 mU mL-1, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.64 mU mL-1. In addition, the proposed method had good selectivity as well as anti-interference capability, with satisfactory results in inhibition rate and human serum experiments. By merits of good analytical performance, easy operation, and low cost, such a method for ALP activity detection has promising applications in ALP-related disease detection and inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Zutian Li
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Haoyuan Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Weiming Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China.
| | - Yanju Liu
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Mingsan Miao
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
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11
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Taniguchi A, Ikegami T. Comparison of the steric selectivity on hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns modified with poly(acrylamide) possessing different morphology. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1650:462207. [PMID: 34082188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly(acrylamide) (PAAm)-modified hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) columns were prepared via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) and free radical polymerization (FRP) to generate brush-like and mushroom-like polymer chains on silica particles, respectively. The maltose homologues (MHs) and cyclodextrins (CDs) were chosen as analytes to evaluate steric selectivity by the different polymer morphologies in the ATRP-PAAm and the FRP-PAAm columns. The ATRP-PAAm exhibited superior retention than the FRP-PAAm and three commercial HILIC columns. The house-made PAAm columns provided significant hydrophilicity that enabled to analysis the oligosaccharides even in 60:40 mixture of acetonitrile-aqueous buffer. In the case of three ATRP-PAAm columns characterized by different polymer lengths and the density on the silica particles, those are different thickness of the water-enriched layer, and phase ratio φ, based on hydrophilicity of them columns. The logarithm of the retention factor (ln k) displayed a non-linear dependence on the inverse of the temperature (1/T, T = 278-333 K). Notably, a similar correlation was observed to exist between the logarithm of the phase ratio (ln φ), and 1/T. A van't Hoff plot was used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of the partition process for each MH. The values of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) for the analytes partition on the ATRP-PAAm columns were smaller than their counterparts measured for the FRP-PAAm columns; by contrast, the opposite trend was observed for the ΔG° values measured for CDs. The standard entropy ΔS° for MHs and CDs were comparable for the two types PAAm columns, while, the standard enthalpy, ΔH° displays significant difference between the ATRP and the FRP PAAm columns. These findings indicate that the differences between PAAm morphology and polymer densities on the stationary phase surface affect analyte differentiation on the basis of molecular steric factors. The higher selectivity for MHs and CDs displayed by ATRP-PAAm columns with respect to their FRP-PAAm and commercial amide columns will be useful for the fine separation of oligosaccharides.
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Liu X, Pang S, Zhang F, Li Z, Yang B. Preparation of a polymer-based weak cation exchanger for ion chromatography via atom transfer radical polymerization. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462187. [PMID: 33975083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel polymer-based weak cation exchanger (WCX) for ion chromatography has been described. It was prepared by grafting tert-butyl acrylate and maleic anhydride onto the surface of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) microspheres via atom transfer radical polymerization, followed by hydrolytic treatment to produce acrylic and maleic acid groups. The obtained WCX showed better separation and higher selectivity for model cations relative to solely acrylic or maleic acid. Simultaneous separation of alkali and alkaline earth cations (including NH4+) was achieved in a single isocratic run under suppressed mode, and ion exchange was found to dominate the separation process. Its utility was demonstrated for determination of several cations in a beer sample and the recovery was ranging from 98.4 to 109.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuangshuang Pang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feifang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zongying Li
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingcheng Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Sahu A, Sheikh R, Poler JC. Green sonochemical synthesis, kinetics and functionalization of nanoscale anion exchange resins and their performance as water purification membranes. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 67:105163. [PMID: 32416575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on sonochemically catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (SONO-ATRP) polyelectrolyte synthesis and chain-end functionalization to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). This all aqueous process is kinetically facile without use of initiator, or reducing agents and with very low concentrations of catalyst. The process achieves high functionalization density of polymer onto the SWCNTs. These functionalized nanoscale resins (NanoResins) exhibit high performance as fast and sustainable water purification materials. SONO-ATRP of vinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (vbTMAC) was performed in aqueous medium resulting in short polyelectrolyte strands with high atom economy and high monomer conversions (93%) at room temperature using a thin probe sonicator (144Wcm-2, 20 kHz, for 4 h). Kinetics analysis showed first order kinetics with respect to monomer concentration in presence of or absence of sonication power. Low temperature SONO-ATRP functionalization of SWCNTs is achieved within two hours without added reducing agent while similar functionalization density using reducing agents without sonochemistry required 12 h under reflux conditions. Functionalized NanoResin membranes were tested against surrogate analyte and demonstrated high performance Thomas Model breakthrough curves with a maximum adsorption capacity of 139 ± 1 mgg-1 and water flux of 692 Lm-2h-1bar-1 at one atmosphere pressure. Moreover, these materials are easily regenerated and reused without loss of performance or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhispa Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Rabia Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Jordan C Poler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States.
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Wang F, Cong H, Xing J, Wang S, Shen Y, Yu B. Novel antifouling polymer with self-cleaning efficiency as surface coating for protein analysis by electrophoresis. Talanta 2020; 221:121493. [PMID: 33076098 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The non-specific adsorption of protein has caused many problems in the application of materials. In this paper, a tri-block copolymer PEO-PNIPAAm-PSPMAP with double effects were obtained via atom transfer radical copolymerization (ATRP). The double-effect copolymer is covalently bonded to the hydrophobic material through a photosensitizer to achieve surface modification and applied to analytical chemistry. Sufficient hydratable groups (for instance, ether bonds, amide groups, and sulfonic acid groups) in the copolymer provides a basis for the anti-protein adsorption. At the same time, the interaction of the hydrophilic group and isopropyl group with temperature changes provides the possibility of elastic self-cleaning of the material, which is instrumental in extending the circulate lifetime of materials. Therefore, it is an environmentally friendly coating material. Besides, the effective antifouling performance and elastic self-cleaning function of the coating have been confirmed by the dynamic adsorption experiment of a fluorescent protein. The coating is used in capillary electrophoresis (CE), and its excellent protein separation spectrum verifies the practicality of the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibres and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Song Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Centre for Bio Nanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibres and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Park SH, Shin SS, Park CH, Jeon S, Gwon J, Lee SY, Kim SJ, Kim HJ, Lee JH. Poly(acryloyl hydrazide)-grafted cellulose nanocrystal adsorbents with an excellent Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. J Hazard Mater 2020; 394:122512. [PMID: 32200239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we prepared poly(acryloyl hydrazide) (PAH)-grafted cellulose nanocrystal (CNC-PAH) particles via the atom transfer radical polymerization method for application to Cr(VI) adsorption. The closely-packed PAH chains grafted on the cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) surface provide a high density of amine groups that can adsorb Cr(VI) through strong electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and chelating interactions. CNC-PAH exhibited the optimum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity at the solution pH = 3, where its electrostatic attraction with Cr(VI) was maximized. Cr(VI) was chemisorbed in CNC-PAH by following the Langmuir isotherm mechanism (homogeneous monolayer adsorption). The Cr(VI) adsorption kinetics of CNC-PAH was controlled predominantly by intra-particle diffusion resistance imparted by the PAH shell layer. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that Cr(VI) adsorption of CNC-PAH is a spontaneous and endothermic process. Importantly, CNC-PAH grafted with the higher Mw (∼50 kg mol-1) PAH exhibited a rapid Cr(VI) adsorption rate and remarkably high Cr(VI) adsorption capacity (∼457.6 mg g-1 at 298.15 K), exceeding those of previously reported adsorbents owing to its numerous Cr(VI)-adsorptive amine groups provided by the closely-packed grafted PAH polymers. Furthermore, CNC-PAH showed excellent reusability to maintain its high adsorption ability during repeated adsorption-desorption cycles owing to the covalently binding nature of the PAH polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Su Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkwon Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegyoung Gwon
- Department of Forest Products, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Forest Products, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Decommissioning Technology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Kim
- Decommissioning Technology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HS, Mandakhbayar N, Kim HW, Leong KW, Yoo HS. Protein-reactive nanofibrils decorated with cartilage-derived decellularized extracellular matrix for osteochondral defects. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120214. [PMID: 32736808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage defect is difficult to heal due to its avascular properties. Implantation of mesenchymal stem cell is one of the most promising approach for regenerating cartilage defects. Here we prepared polymeric nanofibrils decorated with cartilage-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) as a chondroinductive scaffold material for cartilage repair. To fabricate nanofibrils, eletrospun PCL nanofibers were fragmented by subsequent mechanical and chemical process. The nanofibrils were surface-modified with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA@NF) via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The epoxy groups of PGMA@NF were subsequently reacted with dECM prepared from bovine articular cartilage. Therefore, the cartilage-dECM-decorated nanofibrils structurally and biochemically mimic cartilage-specific microenvironment. Once adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were self-assembled with the cartilage-dECM-decorated nanofibrils by cell-directed association, they exhibited differentiation hallmarks of chondrogenesis without additional biologic additives. ADSCs in the nanofibril composites significantly increased expression of chondrogenic gene markers in comparison to those in pellet culture. Furthermore, ADSC-laden nanofibril composites filled the osteochondral defects compactly due to their clay-like texture. Thus, the ADSC-laden nanofibril composites supported the long-term regeneration of 12 weeks without matrix loss during joint movement. The defects treated with the ADSC-laden PGMA@NF significantly facilitated reconstruction of their cartilage and subchondral bone ECM matrices compared to those with ADSC-laden nanofibrils, non-specifically adsorbing cartilage-dECM without surface decoration of PGMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Nandin Mandakhbayar
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomateials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea.
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Lee AW, Cheng CC, Chang CJ, Lu CH, Chen JK. Optical assay of trypsin using a one-dimensional plasmonic grating of gelatin-modified poly(methacrylic acid). Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:280. [PMID: 32314022 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The geometry of resonant absorbers (RA) is varied by tryptic digestion to design a probe platform. The process includes fabrication of a line array of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brush as an RA, tailed by the immobilization of gelatin. The gelatin-modified PMAA RA is a kind of one-dimensional plasmonic grating, possessing an optical feature with a characteristic absorption peak. The growth of gelatin on PMAA RA resulted in a blue shift of the absorption peak from 465 to 263 nm. Trypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, breaking down gelatin into smaller peptides causing the change in geometry of RA. The gelatin of RA was digested in a wide linear range of activity of trypsin from 34 to 1088 U mL-1 resulting in a red shift of the absorption peak of RA from 263 to 474 nm within 10 min. The limit of detection achieved is 11 U mL-1 with ca. 1.9% standard deviation and 101.4% recovery of spiked serum samples. The chemical selectivity of the trypsin assay is evidenced by motoring the changes in a shift of the absorption peak of gelatin-modified PMAA RA using chymotrypsin and horseradish peroxidase. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of synthesis route of 1D gelatin grating on silicon surface for trypsin probing.
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18
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Gao M, Yang Y, Bergfel A, Huang L, Zheng L, Bowden TM. Self-assembly of cholesterol end-capped polymer micelles for controlled drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:13. [PMID: 31941501 PMCID: PMC6964014 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-0575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past few decades, drug delivery system (DDS) has attracted many interests because it could enhance the therapeutic effects of drugs and reduce their side effects. The advent of nanotechnology has promoted the development of nanosized DDSs, which could promote drug cellular uptake as well as prolong the half-life in blood circulation. Novel polymer micelles formed by self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers in aqueous solution have emerged as meaningful nanosystems for controlled drug release due to the reversible destabilization of hydrophobic domains under different conditions. RESULTS The amphiphilic polymers presented here were composed of cholesterol groups end capped and poly (poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (poly (OEGMA)) as tailed segments by the synthesis of cholesterol-based initiator, followed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with OEGMA monomer. FT-IR and NMR confirmed the successfully synthesis of products including initiator and polymers as well as the Mw of the polymers were from 33,233 to 89,088 g/mol and their corresponding PDI were from 1.25 to 1.55 by GPC. The average diameter of assembled polymer micelles was in hundreds nanometers demonstrated by DLS, AFM and SEM. The behavior of the amphiphilic polymers as micelles was investigated using pyrene probing to explore their critical micelle concentration (CMC) ranging from 2.53 × 10-4 to 4.33 × 10-4 mg/ml, decided by the balance between cholesterol and poly (OEGMA). Besides, the CMC of amphiphilic polymers, the quercetin (QC) feeding ratio and polarity of solvents determined the QC loading ratio maximized reaching 29.2% certified by UV spectrum, together with the corresponding size and stability changes by DLS and Zeta potential, and thermodynamic changes by TGA and DSC. More significantly, cholesterol end-capped polymer micelles were used as nanosized systems for controlled drug release, not only alleviated the cytotoxicity of QC from 8.6 to 49.9% live cells and also achieved the QC release in control under different conditions, such as the presence of cyclodextrin (CD) and change of pH in aqueous solution. CONCLUSIONS The results observed in this study offered a strong foundation for the design of favorable polymer micelles as nanosized systems for controlled drug release, and the molecular weight adjustable amphiphilic polymer micelles held potential for use as controlled drug release system in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Yifeng Yang
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Andreas Bergfel
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lanli Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Tim Melander Bowden
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Xu S, Zou Y, Zhang H. Well-defined hydrophilic "turn-on"-type ratiometric fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres for direct and highly selective herbicide optosensing in the undiluted pure milks. Talanta 2020; 211:120711. [PMID: 32070587 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based optosensing materials capable of direct, reliable, and highly selective detection of small organic analytes in complex aqueous samples hold great promise in many bioanalytical applications, but their development remains a challenging task. Addressing this issue, well-defined hydrophilic "turn-on"-type ratiometric fluorescent MIP microspheres are developed via a versatile and modular strategy based on the controlled/"living" radical polymerization method. Its general principle was demonstrated by the synthesis of red CdTe quantum dot (QD)-labeled silica particles with surface-bound atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)-initiating groups via the one-pot sol-gel reaction and their successive grafting of a thin fluorescent 2,4-D (an organic herbicide)-MIP layer (labeled with green organic fluorophores bearing both nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) and urea interacting groups) and hydrophilic poly(glyceryl monomethacrylate) (PGMMA) brushes via surface-initiated ATRP. The introduction of PGMMA brushes and rationally selected dual fluorescence labeling (i.e., red CdTe QDs being inert to 2,4-D and green NBD showing fluorescence "light-up" upon binding 2,4-D) onto MIP particles afforded them excellent complex aqueous sample-compatibility (due to their largely enhanced hydrophilicity) and analyte binding-induced "turn-on"-type ratiometric fluorescence changes, respectively. Such advanced MIP particles proved to be promising optosensing materials, which had a detection limit of 0.13 μM and showed obvious fluorescent color change upon binding different concentrations of 2,4-D in the undiluted pure milk. Moreover, they were successfully applied for direct and highly selective quantification of 2,4-D in the undiluted pure goat and bovine milks with good recoveries (97.9%-104.5%), even in the presence of several analogues of 2,4-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Yiwei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Huiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
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20
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Rodriguez KJ, Pellizzoni MM, Divandari M, Benetti EM, Bruns N. Biocatalytic ATRP in solution and on surfaces. Methods Enzymol 2019; 627:263-290. [PMID: 31630744 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The promiscuity of enzymes allows for their implementation as catalysts for non-native chemical transformations. Utilizing the redox activity of metalloenzymes under activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP conditions, well-controlled and defined polymers can be generated. In this chapter, we review bioATRP in solution and on surfaces and provide experimental protocols for hemoglobin-catalyzed ATRP and for surface-initiated biocatalytic ATRP. This chapter highlights the polymerization of acrylate and acrylamide monomers and provides detailed experimental protocols for the characterization of the polymers and of the polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Rodriguez
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Mohammad Divandari
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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21
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Zheng X, Zhao L, Wen D, Wang X, Yang H, Feng W, Kong J. Ultrasensitive fluorescent detection of HTLV-II DNA based on magnetic nanoparticles and atom transfer radical polymerization signal amplification. Talanta 2019; 207:120290. [PMID: 31594607 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) is a crucial retrovirus that is closely associated with a variety of human diseases. Herein, an ultrasensitive fluorescent HTLV-II DNA detection strategy was developed for the first time based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) amplification. In this approach, hairpin DNA probes (pDNA) labelled with 5' thiol and 3' azide group terminally were immobilized on amino group modified MNPs surface through sulfo-N-succinimidyl-4-maleimidobutyrate sodium salt (sulfo-GMBS) cross-linkers. In the presence of target DNAs (tDNA), pDNA hybridized with tDNA to form double-stranded DNA, and therefore its azide group was away from the MNPs surface. Subsequently, to initiate ATRP reaction, initiators were introduced into the pDNA by a Cu (I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC). Then, large numbers of 9-anthracenylmethyl methacrylate polymer (pAMMA) were successfully labelled on the MNPs surface, resulting in significant amplification of the fluorescence signal. Under optimized conditions, the fluorescence signal was proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of tDNA over the range from 1 fM to 1 nM, with a detection limit of 0.22 fM. Moreover, this strategy was capable of discriminating mismatched bases and detecting HTLV-II DNA in human serum samples. By virtue of the high sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity and economy, this ultrasensitive biosensor demonstrates great potential for biomedical research and early clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Zheng
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Liying Zhao
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Dongxiao Wen
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Huaixia Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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22
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Jiang L, Ye L. Nanoparticle-supported temperature responsive polymer brushes for affinity separation of histidine-tagged recombinant proteins. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:447-458. [PMID: 31055124 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We developed a modular approach for the preparation of nanoparticle-supported polymer brushes carrying repeating iminodiacetate units for affinity separation of histidine-tagged recombinant proteins. The nanoparticle-supported polymer brushes were prepared via the combination of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization with Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The nanocomposite materials were characterized to determine the particle size, morphology, organic content, densities of polymer chains and the affinity ligand. Protein binding assay illustrated that the iminodiacetate-rich polymer brushes enable to selectively bind histidine-tagged recombinant proteins in the presence of abundant interfering proteins. More importantly, the protein binding capacity can be tuned by adjusting the environmental temperature. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The nanoparticle core-polymer brush structure enables selective binding of histidine-tagged recombinant proteins via multiple metal-coordination interactions. The soft and flexible structure of the polymer brushes was found beneficial for lowering the steric hindrance in protein binding. Taking advantage of the conformational changes of the polymer brushes at different temperatures, it is possible to modulate the protein binding on the nanocomposite by adjusting the environmental temperature. In general, the iminodiacetate-rich core-brush nano adsorbents are attractive for purifying histidine-tagged recombinant proteins practically. The synthetic approach reported here may be expanded to develop other advanced functional materials for applications in various biomedical fields ranging from biosensors to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdong Jiang
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lei Ye
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Riley JK, Matyjaszewski K, Tilton RD. Friction and adhesion control between adsorbed layers of polyelectrolyte brush-grafted nanoparticles via pH-triggered bridging interactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 526:114-123. [PMID: 29723792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Adsorption of polyelectrolyte brush-grafted nanoparticles (BGNPs) produces a heterogeneous interface with sub-monolayer surface coverage resulting from lateral electrostatic repulsions that limit packing. As a result, the interaction forces between opposing BGNP layers include an adhesive cross-surface BGNP-substrate bridging force that depends on the interparticle spacing, particle size, and strength of electrostatic interactions. We hypothesize that BGNPs with pH-responsive, annealed polyelectrolyte brushes can undergo controlled changes in surface area coverage through post-adsorption swelling or de-swelling into non-equilibrium layer conformations and that such changes in surface coverage can switch off or switch on particle intercalation, bridging attractions, and enhanced energy dissipation upon sliding. This work aims to characterize the nature of surface forces in heterogeneous BGNP adsorbed layers and to utilize pH-sensitive bridging forces as a mechanism to tune friction and adhesion. EXPERIMENTS Colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) is used to measure normal and lateral forces between negatively charged silica surfaces with adsorbed pH-responsive cationic BGNPs. The BGNPs are poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) brush-grafted silica nanoparticles. Adhesion force and friction analysis is complemented by simultaneous quartz-crystal microbalance and ellipsometry measurements under conditions that render the particles strongly charged and swollen (acidic) or weakly charged and de-swollen (basic). FINDINGS Adsorbed BGNPs can be swollen or de-swollen via pH rinses, enabling direct control of surface coverage and bridging interactions. Transitions from adhesive bridging contacts with high friction to non-adhesive contacts with low friction forces occur when adsorbed BGNP layers are switched from a de-swollen/weakly charged state to a swollen/highly charged state. The ability to controllably shift the character of normal and lateral forces via coverage-mediated bridging interactions is a unique feature of adsorbed nanoparticulate brush constructs and highlights their potential to condition surfaces with additional functionality compared to dense, planar homopolymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Riley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Robert D Tilton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Plichta A, Kowalczyk S, Olędzka E, Sobczak M, Strawski M. Effect of structural factors on release profiles of camptothecin from block copolymer conjugates with high load of drug. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:231-42. [PMID: 29341920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was the synthesis and study the kinetics and profiles of camptothecin (CPT) release form block co- and ter-polymer conjugates comprising polylactide (PLA) segments and CPT moieties, structurally diverse by degrees of branching, content of d-PLA units and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). Six PLA, non-toxic macroinitiators (MIs), terminated with α-bromoester were synthesized. MIs were subjected to polymerization of CPT methacrylic derivative (CPTMA) with PEGMA at various ratios. The average contents of CPT from elemental analysis, NMR and UV-GPC were approximate to each other. The number of CPT molecules and PEGMA units was in the range of 9-195 and 0-280 per conjugate, respectively. PEGMA units plasticized PLA causing increase of its crystallinity, whereas 7% and more of d-PLA caused material amorphous. PEGMA units decreased thermal stability of conjugates, however it compatibillized the separated phases of PLA and PCPTMA, based on AFM. In vitro release rate of CPT from linear PLA conjugates deposited on injection-molded PLA bars increased by introduction of PEGMA units with zero-order kinetics and Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicating the super case II transport. Branched conjugates revealed some burst release and then the release was rather of first-order-kinetics with respect to CPT with non-Fickian transport.
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Hu Q, Wang Q, Kong J, Li L, Zhang X. Electrochemically mediated in situ growth of electroactive polymers for highly sensitive detection of double-stranded DNA without sequence-preference. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 101:1-6. [PMID: 29031128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to directly detect double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) without sequence-preference continues to be a major challenge. Herein, we report an electrochemical method for the direct, highly sensitive detection of dsDNA based on the strand replacement of dsDNA by peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and the in situ growth of electroactive polymers through the surface-initiated electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-eATRP). Thiolated PNA molecules are firstly self-assembled onto gold electrode surface for the specific recognition of target dsDNA (dsDNA-T), which in turn leads to the formation of a high density of PNA/DNA heteroduplexes on the electrode surface for the subsequent attachment of ATRP initiators via the phosphate-Zr4+-carboxylate chemistry. By applying a negative potential to the electrode, the air-stable CuII deactivators can be reduced into the CuI activators so as to trigger the surface-initiated polymerization for the in situ growth of electroactive polymers. Due to the strand replacement of dsDNA by PNA, dsDNA can be directly detected without sequence-preference. Besides, the growth of polymers enables the modification of numerous electroactive probes, thereby greatly improving the electrochemical signal. Under optimal conditions, a good linearity between the electrochemical signal and the logarithm of dsDNA-T concentration over the range from 1.0 fM to 1.0nM, with a detection limit of 0.47 fM, can be obtained. Results indicate that it is highly selective, and holds high anti-interference capability in the presence of human serum samples. Therefore, this method offers great promises in providing a universal and efficient solution for the direct detection of dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
| | - Lianzhi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, East Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620-4202, United States.
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Carmali S, Murata H, Cummings C, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Polymer-Based Protein Engineering: Synthesis and Characterization of Armored, High Graft Density Polymer-Protein Conjugates. Methods Enzymol 2017; 590:347-380. [PMID: 28411645 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from the surface of a protein can generate remarkably dense polymer shells that serve as armor and rationally tune protein function. Using straightforward chemistry, it is possible to covalently couple or display multiple small molecule initiators onto a protein surface. The chemistry is fine-tuned to be sequence specific (if one desires a single targeted site) at controlled density. Once the initiator is anchored on the protein surface, ATRP is used to grow polymers on protein surface, in situ. The technique is so powerful that a single-protein polymer conjugate molecule can contain more than 90% polymer coating by weight. If desired, stimuli-responsive polymers can be "grown" from the initiated sites to prepare enzyme conjugates that respond to external triggers such as temperature or pH, while still maintaining enzyme activity and stability. Herein, we focus mainly on the synthesis of chymotrypsin-polymer conjugates. Control of the number of covalently coupled initiator sites by changing the stoichiometric ratio between enzyme and the initiator during the synthesis of protein-initiator complexes allowed fine-tuning of the grafting density. For example, very high grafting density chymotrypsin conjugates were prepared from protein-initiator complexes to grow the temperature-responsive polymers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and poly[N,N'-dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate]. Controlled growth of polymers from protein surfaces enables one to predictably manipulate enzyme kinetics and stability without the need for molecular biology-dependent mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheiliza Carmali
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chad Cummings
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, ICES, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Yoshikawa C, Qiu J, Shimizu Y, Huang CF, Gelling OJ, van den Bosch E. Concentrated polymer brush-modified silica particle coating confers biofouling-resistance on modified materials. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2017; 70:272-277. [PMID: 27770891 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling, an undesired adsorption of biological material to otherwise inert surfaces, is detrimental in medical, pharmaceutical, and other sectors. Concentrated polymer brushes (CPB) confer non-biofouling properties on modified surfaces but are cumbersome to fabricate. Here, a simple and versatile method of fabricating non-biofouling coatings for various substrates was developed using CPB-modified silica nanoparticles (SiPs). Concentrated poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA) brushes were grafted on SiPs by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. CPB-SiPs were spin-coated onto silicon wafers or quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor chips with phenyl azido cross-linkers. SiP cross-linking was then performed by ultra violet irradiation for 20s, or by heating at 120°C for 12h. Protein adsorption to coatings was studied by QCM approach and human umbilical vein endothelial cell adhesion to coatings was examined. SiP to cross-linker weight ratios were varied from 2.0/0.5 to 9.0/0.5 (wt/wt%) and the coatings almost completely suppressed protein adsorption and cell adhesion to treated surfaces. The coating was also applied to polymeric films, rendering these materials biofouling-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yoshikawa
- WPI Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Jun Qiu
- DSM Ahead/TS, 6167 RD Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Yoshihisa Shimizu
- WPI Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- WPI Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Pan Y, Wang J, Sun C, Liu X, Zhang H. Fabrication of highly hydrophobic organic-inorganic hybrid magnetic polysulfone microcapsules: A lab-scale feasibility study for removal of oil and organic dyes from environmental aqueous samples. J Hazard Mater 2016; 309:65-76. [PMID: 26874312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, three kinds of organic-inorganic hybrid materials (vinyl benzene linear polymer modified SBA-15, attapulgite and halloysite nanotubes) in the shape of powder and the corresponding magnetic polysulfone microcapsules were developed for removal of oil and dyes from environmental aqueous samples, respectively. As determined from the oil and dye adsorption studies, the developed magnetic polysulfone microcapsules exhibited high adsorption capacity of 13.8-17.3g/g for oil. The prepared functionalized materials and the corresponding microcapsules can remove 85.0-91.6% and 81.8-87.8% Sudan I in 80 min and 7.6h, respectively. The results showed a significant improvement in their adsorption capacities and removal efficiencies compared to the parent matrices, indicating that the introducing of the vinyl benzene linear polymer was a major factor in the removal of the hydrophobic pollutants. At the same time, the adsorption capacity for the investigated pollutants also depended on the textural feature of matrix itself. In view of the utilization of low-cost clay minerals (attapulgite and halloysite nanotubes), these proposed functionalized materials and the corresponding magnetic polysulfone microcapsules had a great promise to be used as an efficient sorbent for removal of pollutants from environmental aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Caiyun Sun
- College of Light Industry, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Qu JB, Xu YL, Liu JY, Zeng JB, Chen YL, Zhou WQ, Liu JG. Thermo- and pH-responsive polymer brushes-grafted gigaporous polystyrene microspheres as a high-speed protein chromatography matrix. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1441:60-7. [PMID: 26947166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dual thermo- and pH-responsive chromatography has been proposed using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate-co-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide) (P(NIPAM-co-BMA-co-DMAPAAM)) brushes grafted gigaporous polystyrene microspheres (GPM) as matrix. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator was first coupled onto GPM through Friedel-Crafts acylation with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide. The dual-responsive polymer brushes were then grafted onto GPM via surface-initiated ATRP. The surface composition, gigaporous structure, protein adsorption and dual-responsive chromatographic properties of the matrix (GPM-P(NIPAM-co-BMA-co-DMAPAAM) were characterized in detail. Results showed that GPM were successfully grafted with thermoresponsive cationic polymer brushes and that the gigaporous structure was well maintained. A column packed with GPM-P(NIPAM-co-BMA-co-DMAPAAM presented low backpressure, good permeability and appreciable thermo-responsibility. By changing pH of the mobile phase and temperature of the column in turn, the column can separate three model proteins at the mobile phase velocity up to 2528cmh(-1). A separation mechanism of this matrix was also proposed. All results indicate that the dual thermo- and pH-responsive chromatography matrix has great potentials in 'green' high-speed protein chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China.
| | - Yu-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Jing-Bin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yan-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Wei-Qing Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
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30
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Yang W, Liu L, Ni X, Zhou W, Huang W, Liu H, Xu W. Computer-aided design and synthesis of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers with high selectivity for the removal of phenol from water. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:503-17. [PMID: 26648327 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A molecular simulation method was introduced to compute the phenol-monomer pre-assembled system of a molecularly imprinted polymer. The interaction type and intensity between phenol and monomer were evaluated by combining binding energy and charge transfer with complex conformation. The simulation results indicate that interaction energies are simultaneously affected by the type of monomer and the ratio between phenol and monomers. At the same time, we considered that by increasing the amount of functional monomer is not always better for preparing molecularly imprinter polymers. In this study, three kinds of novel magnetic phenol-imprinted polymers with favorable specific adsorption effects were prepared by the surface imprinting technique combined with atom transfer radical polymerization. Various measures were selected to characterize the structure and morphology to obtain the optimal polymer. The characterization results show that the optimal polymer has suitable features for further adsorption process. A series of static adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze its adsorption performance, which follows the Elovich model from the kinetic analysis and the Sips equation from the isothermal analysis. To further verify the reliability and accuracy of the simulation results, the effects of different monomers on the adsorption selectivity were also determined. They display higher selectivity towards phenol than 4-nitrophenol.The results from the simulation of the pre-assembled complexes are in reasonable agreement with those from the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lukuan Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoni Ni
- Zhenjiang Institute for Drug Control of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Zhenjiang Institute for Drug Control of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Weihong Huang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanzhen Xu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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31
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Song W, Granville AM. Surface Modification of Polydivinylbenzene Microspheres with a Fluorinated Glycopolymer Using Thiol-Halogen Click Chemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1367:123-35. [PMID: 26537469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3130-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Distillation-precipitation polymerization of divinylbenzene was applied to obtain uniform-sized polymeric microspheres. The microspheres were then modified with polypentafluorostyrene chains utilizing surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization techniques. The hydrophobic fluoropolymer-coated microsphere was then converted to a hydrophilic biopolymer by performing thiol-halogen click chemistry between polypentafluorostyrene and 1-thio-β-D-glucose sodium salt. The semi-fluorinated glycopolymer showed good binding ability with Concanavalin A as determined by confocal microscopy and turbidity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Song
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2052
| | - Anthony M Granville
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2052.
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Abstract
Homopolymerization of an optically active acrylamide having an amino acid moiety in the side chain, N-acryloyl-L-alanine (AAla) was carried out via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at room temperature using 2-hydroxyethyl-2'-methyl-2'-bromopropionate (HMB) or sodium-4-(bromomethyl)benzoate (SBB) as initiator in pure water, methanol/water mixture and pure methanol solvents. The polymerization reaction resulted in the optically active biocompatible amino acid-based homopolymer in good yield with narrow molecular weight distribution. The number average molecular weight increased with conversion and polydispersity was low. The structure and molecular weight of synthesized polymer were characterized by (1)H NMR, FT-IR spectroscopic techniques and size-exclusion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 75918-74831, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Yu L, Shi ZZ, Li CM. Atom transfer radical polymerization to fabricate monodisperse poly[glycidyl methacrylate-co-poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate] microspheres and its application for protein affinity purification. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 453:151-158. [PMID: 25982938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly[glycidyl methacrylate-co-poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate] microspheres for the first time were successfully synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method at room temperature. The co-polymerization approach was investigated to delicately control the microsphere morphology and size-distribution by reaction conditions including solvent percentage, monomer loading and rotation speed. The results show that the average size of the microspheres is ∼5.7 μm with coexistence of epoxy, hydroxyl and ether groups, which provide plentiful functional sites for protein anchoring. The mechanism of the microsphere formation is proposed. The microsphere successfully demonstrates its unique application for affinity purification of proteins, in which the functional epoxy group facilitates a simple and efficient protein covalent immobilization to purify immunoglobulin G on the microspheres, while the hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) motif can repulse nonspecific protein adsorption for good specificity. This microspheres can be used in broad protein biosensors due to their abundant functional groups and high surface to volume ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapid Diagnosis of Dread Disease, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhuan Zhuan Shi
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapid Diagnosis of Dread Disease, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chang Ming Li
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapid Diagnosis of Dread Disease, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Zhang J, Ni YL, Zheng XL. Preparation of poly(vinylphenylboronic acid) chain grafted poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) beads for the selective enrichment of glycoprotein. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:81-6. [PMID: 25363498 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was successfully used to prepare 4-vinylphenylboronic acid functionalized poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) beads for the selective enrichment of glycoprotein from complex biological samples in this study. The modified bead surfaces were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The sorption behaviors, including adsorption isotherms, incubation time, and pH effect, were investigated. The results demonstrated that the boronated beads have a high affinity for glycoprotein, which is due to the well-defined boronic acid brushes on the beads surfaces. Furthermore, the polyvinylphenylboronic acid grafted poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) beads were used to efficiently enrich and purify glycoprotein from real egg white samples and α-fetoprotein from human serum samples. The mass spectrometry results demonstrated that the polyvinylphenylboronic acid grafted poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) beads are a suitable material for the enrichment of glycosylated protein from complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Matsuyama T, Kimura A, Asoh TA, Suzuki T, Kikuchi A. Transformable core-corona nanoparticles: Simultaneous change of core morphology and corona wettability in response to temperature. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:75-81. [PMID: 25200203 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We prepared transformable thermoresponsive nanoparticles with variable core softness, controlled by the nanoparticle core's glass transition temperature (Tg). The nanoparticles were prepared by the dispersion copolymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) and/or methyl methacrylate (MMA) with a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) macromonomer in a polar solvent. The shape of the nanoparticle core changed with temperature. We then prepared poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films with dispersed thermoresponsive nanoparticles, to elongate the nanoparticles through a uniaxial stretching of the films at 60°C. In this manner, the nanoparticle shape changed from spherical to rod-like morphologies, depending on the degree of film extension. Additionally, the rod-shaped nanoparticles only changed back to spheres with temperature modulation. The nanoparticle core's Tg value affected the rate of its physical transformation from rods to spheres at 37°C, with a slower rate observed for increased Tg. As the nanorod shape change was relatively minor at 37°C, we could control the shape of these transformable nanoparticles under various physiological conditions, a highly desirable feature for drug delivery applications.
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Tisdale E, Kennedy D, Xu X, Wilkins C. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization sample preparation optimization for structural characterization of poly(styrene-co-pentafluorostyrene) copolymers. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:151-62. [PMID: 24370101 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the sample preparation parameters (the choice of the matrix, matrix:analyte ratio, salt:analyte ratio) was investigated and optimal conditions were established for the MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of the poly(styrene-co-pentafluorostyrene) copolymers. These were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. Use of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as matrix resulted in spectra with consistently high ion yields for all matrix:analyte:salt ratios tested. The optimized MALDI procedure was successfully applied to the characterization of three copolymers obtained by varying the conditions of polymerization reaction. It was possible to establish the nature of the end groups, calculate molecular weight distributions, and determine the individual length distributions for styrene and pentafluorostyrene monomers, contained in the resulting copolymers. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that individual styrene chain length distributions are more sensitive to the change in the composition of the catalyst (the addition of small amount of CuBr2) than is the pentafluorostyrene component distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Tisdale
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 119 Chemistry Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Devin Kennedy
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 119 Chemistry Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | | | - Charles Wilkins
- University of Arkansas, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 119 Chemistry Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
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Wydra RJ, Kruse AM, Bae Y, Anderson KW, Hilt JZ. Synthesis and characterization of PEG-iron oxide core-shell composite nanoparticles for thermal therapy. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2013; 33:4660-6. [PMID: 24094173 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, core-shell nanoparticles were developed to achieve thermal therapy that can ablate cancer cells in a remotely controlled manner. The core-shell nanoparticles were prepared using atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to coat iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based polymer shell. The iron oxide core allows for the remote heating of the particles in an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The coating of iron oxide with PEG was verified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. A thermoablation (55°C) study was performed on A549 lung carcinoma cells exposed to nanoparticles and over a 10 min AMF exposure. The successful thermoablation of A549 demonstrates the potential use of polymer coated particles for thermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Wydra
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Patel R, Patel M, Ahn SH, Sung YK, Lee HK, Kim JH, Sung JS. Bioinert membranes prepared from amphiphilic poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) graft copolymers. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2013; 33:1662-70. [PMID: 23827621 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane was hydrophilically modified by grafting with poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (POEM) using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The successful grafting of PVC main chain by POEM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The molecular weight and hydrophilicity of membranes increased with the amount of POEM grafting, as characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and contact angle measurement, respectively. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis revealed the microphase-separated structure of PVC-g-POEM and the domain spacing increased from 59.3 to 86.1 nm with increasing grafting degree. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for the direct visualization of the mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell and bacteria adhesion on the membrane surface. Protein adsorption and eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell adhesion tests showed that the bioinert properties of membranes were significantly increased with POEM content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 262 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Babu K, Dhamodharan R. Synthesis of Polymer Grafted Magnetite Nanoparticle with the Highest Grafting Density via Controlled Radical Polymerization. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009; 4:1090-102. [PMID: 20596283 PMCID: PMC2894347 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The surface-initiated ATRP of benzyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, and styrene from magnetite nanoparticle is investigated, without the use of sacrificial (free) initiator in solution. It is observed that the grafting density obtained is related to the polymerization kinetics, being higher for faster polymerizing monomer. The grafting density was found to be nearly 2 chains/nm2for the rapidly polymerizing benzyl methacrylate. In contrast, for the less rapidly polymerizing styrene, the grafting density was found to be nearly 0.7 chain/nm2. It is hypothesized that this could be due to the relative rates of surface-initiated polymerization versus conformational mobility of polymer chains anchored by one end to the surface. An amphiphilic diblock polymer based on 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate is synthesized from the polystyrene monolayer. The homopolymer and block copolymer grafted MNs form stable dispersions in various solvents. In order to evaluate molecular weight of the polymer that was grafted on to the surface of the nanoparticles, it was degrafted suitably and subjected to gel permeation chromatography analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm the grafting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kothandapani Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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