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Xia X, Wei H, Hu L, Peng J. Hydratability and improved fermentability in vitro of guar gum by combination of xanthan gum. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117625. [PMID: 33593535 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibers with high water-binding capacity (WBC), swelling capacity (SC) and fermentability regulate food intake and intestinal microbiota. However, dietary fibers with such properties are generally rare or expensive. We evaluated SC, WBC, fermentability and bacterial shifts during in vitro fermentations of guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG) and the combined gum (CG) of XG and GG. SC and WBC were enhanced by the combination of GG and XG. Fermentation of CG showed similar Short chain fatty acids production and lower molecular weight compared with GG. Analyzing of fermentation kinetics by logistic-exponential model, initial fractional rate of degradation of CG were remarkable higher than GG. Microbiota analysis revealed that GG enriched Fusobacterium, Bacteriodes and Prevotella_9, and CG lead to promotion of Sphaerochaeta, Prevotella_9, Bacteroides and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. These data suggest that combination of XG to GG changed hydration and fermentation characteristics of GG, and CG resulted in promotion of beneficial microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lingling Hu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.
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Duedu KO, French CE. Data for discriminating dead/live bacteria in homogenous cell suspensions and the effect of insoluble substrates on turbidimetric measurements. Data Brief 2017; 12:169-174. [PMID: 28443295 PMCID: PMC5394208 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of bacterial growth by rapid traditional methods such as spectrophometric measurements at 600 nm (OD600) is not applicable for cultures containing insoluble particles in the growth media. Colony counts are the only suitable alternative but these are laborious and not high-throughput. The data presented in this article is related to the research article entitled “Two-colour fluorescence fluorimetric analysis for direct quantification of bacteria and its application in monitoring bacterial growth in cellulose degradation systems” (Duedu and French, 2017) [1]. This data article presents original primary data describing the discrimination of dead/live bacteria in homogenous cell suspensions and how the presence of insoluble substrates affect the turbidity of the suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena O Duedu
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic & Biomedical Sciences, University of Health & Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Christopher E French
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
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Wei J, Zhang Y, Knapp PE, Zhao T. HIV-1 Tat regulates the expression of the dcw operon and stimulates the proliferation of bacteria. Microb Pathog 2015; 90:34-40. [PMID: 26596708 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections of pathogenic bacteria are very common in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. However, the biological effects of HIV-1 Tat on bacteria are incompletely understood. In this study, HIV-1 Tat was expressed in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01) to investigate its biological effects on bacteria. Bacterial cells expressing either HIV-1 Tat1-86 (Tat1-86) or HIV-1 Tat1-72 (Tat1-72) grow significantly faster than those with either only an empty vector or an unrelated control (GFP or Rluc). Supplementation of purified HIV-1 Tat1-86 or Tat1-101 protein into bacterial culture medium stimulated the growth of both E. coli and PA01. The expression profile of certain cell division-associated genes, such as those in the division cell wall (dcw) operon (ftsA, ftsQ, ftsW and ftsZ), yafO and zipA, was altered in HIV-1 Tat1-86 expressing E. coli BL21(DE3). Furthermore, the expression of firefly luciferase (Fluc) reporter gene, when engineered for control by the dcw promoter and terminator, was enhanced by HIV-1 Tat in E. coli, confirming that HIV-1 Tat transcriptionally regulates the expression of the dcw operon. The finding that HIV-1 Tat stimulates bacterial growth whether it is produced intracellularly or applied extracellularly may have relevance for HIV patients who are highly susceptible to opportunistic bacterial infections. Contents category: Viruses -Retroviruses. The GenBank accession number for the sequence of HIV-1 Tat1-86 is AF324439.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Fomete B, Saheeb BD, Obiadazie AC. A prospective clinical evaluation of the effects of chlorhexidine, warm saline mouth washes and microbial growth on intraoral sutures. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2015; 14:448-53. [PMID: 26028872 PMCID: PMC4444729 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-014-0666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post operative care of sutured wound is important after surgery. Sutured wounds within the oral cavity are kept clean through frequent rinses with either normal saline, chlorhexidine mouth rinses, hydrogen peroxide diluted with saline, or fresh tap water. PATIENTS AND METHODS The patients were randomised into 3 groups (A, B and C). The container used had 34 chlorhexidine, 34 warm saline and 32 warm water mouth rinses. The latter served as control. All selected patients had scaling and polishing done preoperatively when needed. All participants in each group did not receive antibiotics but received analgesics (paracetamol 1 g 8 h for 5 days,). RESULTS There were 49 females and 51 males, in the age range between 18 and 50 years. Microorganisms were found to grow on sutures with streptococcus viridians predominating followed by staphylococcus epidermides. The effects of chlorhexidine, warm saline and warm tap water mouth washes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Chlorhexidine, warm salt water and warm tap water averagely produced the same number of colony forming units of bacteria, which shows that the three different mouth washes are equally effective as post-operative mouth rinses after oral surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Fomete
- />Maxillofacial Unit, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, POBOX 3772, Zaria, Kaduna Nigeria
| | - B. D. Saheeb
- />Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - A. C. Obiadazie
- />Maxillofacial Unit, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, POBOX 3772, Zaria, Kaduna Nigeria
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Kurantowicz N, Sawosz E, Jaworski S, Kutwin M, Strojny B, Wierzbicki M, Szeliga J, Hotowy A, Lipińska L, Koziński R, Jagiełło J, Chwalibog A. Interaction of graphene family materials with Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:23. [PMID: 25685114 PMCID: PMC4312314 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene family materials have unique properties, which make them valuable for a range of applications. The antibacterial properties of graphene have been reported; however, findings have been contradictory. This study reports on the antimicrobial proprieties of three different graphene materials (pristine graphene (pG), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) against the food-borne bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. A high concentration (250 μg/mL) of all the analyzed graphenes completely inhibited the growth of both pathogens, despite their difference in bacterial cell wall structure. At a lower concentration (25 μg/mL), similar effects were only observed with GO, as growth inhibition decreased with pG and rGO at the lower concentration. Interaction of the nanoparticles with the pathogenic bacteria was found to differ depending on the form of graphene. Microscopic imaging demonstrated that bacteria were arranged at the edges of pG and rGO, while with GO, they adhered to the nanoparticle surface. GO was found to have the highest antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurantowicz
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sawosz
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kutwin
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Strojny
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wierzbicki
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Szeliga
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Hotowy
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ludwika Lipińska
- />Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Wólczyńska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Koziński
- />Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Wólczyńska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jagiełło
- />Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Wólczyńska 133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - André Chwalibog
- />Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 3, 1870 Frdereiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Thach TT, Luong TT, Lee S, Rhee DK. Adenylate kinase from Streptococcus pneumoniae is essential for growth through its catalytic activity. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:672-82. [PMID: 25180151 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystal structure of adenylate kinase from Streptococcus pneumoniae was determined. Arg-89 was identified as a key residue for enzymatic activity. Expression of the R89A mutated protein did not rescue a pneumococcal growth defect. Lack of functional adenylate kinase caused a growth defect in vivo. Pneumoccocal adenylate kinase is essential for growth both in vitro and in vivo.
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infection causes more than 1.6 million deaths worldwide. Pneumococcal growth is a prerequisite for its virulence and requires an appropriate supply of cellular energy. Adenylate kinases constitute a major family of enzymes that regulate cellular ATP levels. Some bacterial adenylate kinases (AdKs) are known to be critical for growth, but the physiological effects of AdKs in pneumococci have been poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, by crystallographic and functional studies, we report that the catalytic activity of adenylate kinase from S.pneumoniae (SpAdK) serotype 2 D39 is essential for growth. We determined the crystal structure of SpAdK in two conformations: ligand-free open form and closed in complex with a two-substrate mimic inhibitor adenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A). Crystallographic analysis of SpAdK reveals Arg-89 as a key active site residue. We generated a conditional expression mutant of pneumococcus in which the expression of the adk gene is tightly regulated by fucose. The expression level of adk correlates with growth rate. Expression of the wild-type adk gene in fucose-inducible strains rescued a growth defect, but expression of the Arg-89 mutation did not. SpAdK increased total cellular ATP levels. Furthermore, lack of functional SpAdK caused a growth defect in vivo. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SpAdK is essential for pneumococcal growth in vitro and in vivo.
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