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Cao X, Fan Z, Xu L, Zhao W, Zhang H, Yang Y, Ren Y, Xiao Y, Zhou N, Yin L, Zhou X, Zhu X, Guo D. Benzothiazole derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116428. [PMID: 38653068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are important regulators of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In the present study, a series of benzothiazole-bearing compounds were designed and synthesized as potential HDAC inhibitors. Given the multiple participation of HDACs in ADPKD cyst progression, we embarked on a targeted screen using HeLa nuclear extracts to identify potent pan-HDAC inhibitors. Compound 26 emerged as the most efficacious candidate. Subsequent pharmacological characterization showed that compound 26 effectively inhibits several HDACs, notably HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC6 (IC50 < 150 nM), displaying a particularly high sensitivity towards HDAC6 (IC50 = 11 nM). The selected compound significantly prevented cyst formation and expansion in an in vitro cyst model and was efficacious in reducing cyst growth in both an embryonic kidney cyst model and an in vivo ADPKD mouse model. Our results provided compelling evidence that compound 26 represents a new HDAC inhibitor for the treatment of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingfang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunfang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxian Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Chang J, Wang Y, Wei H, Kong X, Dong B, Yue T. Development of a "double reaction" type-based fluorescent probe for the imaging of superoxide anion in living cells. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 302:123080. [PMID: 37392536 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide anion (O2•-) is an important ROS in living systems, and rapid and in situ detection of O2•- is critical for the in-depth study of its roles in the closely related diseases. Herein, we present a "double reaction" type-based fluorescent probe (BZT) for the imaging of O2•- in living cells. BZT employed a triflate group as a recognition site for O2•-. In response to O2•-, the probe BZT underwent double chemical reactions, including the nucleophilic reaction between O2•- and triflate, and the cyclization reaction through the other nucleophilic reaction between hydroxyl and cyano group. BZT could show high sensitivity and selectivity to O2•-. Biological imaging experiments demonstrated that the probe BZT could be successfully applied to detect the exogenous and endogenous O2•- in living cells, and the results suggested that rutin could efficiently scavenge the endogenous O2•- induced by rotenone. We expected that the developed probe could provide a valuable tool to investigate the pathological roles of O2•- in relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Chemical Technology Academy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology (Jinan), Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Hua Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Xiuqi Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Baoli Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China.
| | - Tao Yue
- Shandong Chemical Technology Academy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology (Jinan), Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
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Kashyap P, Verma S, Gupta P, Narang R, Lal S, Devgun M. Recent insights into antibacterial potential of benzothiazole derivatives. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1-31. [PMID: 37362317 PMCID: PMC10226039 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worldwide concern among infectious diseases due to increased mortality, morbidity and treatment cost. According to WHO 2019 report, among the 32 antibiotics in the clinical trials, only six were classified as innovative and containing novel moiety. The remaining antibiotics from this list contain previously known moiety (WHO AMR 2019). Therefore, the development of novel antibiotics to control resistance problems is crucial. Benzothiazole derivatives are of great interest due to their wide range of biological activities and medicinal applications. Reported data indicated that benzothiazole derivatives displayed antibacterial activity by inhibiting the dihydroorotase, DNA gyrase, uridine diphosphate-n-acetyl enol pyruvyl glucosamine reductase (MurB), peptide deformylase, aldose reductase, casdihydrofolate reductase, enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase, dialkylglycine decarboxylase, dehydrosqualene synthase, dihydropteroate synthase and tyrosine kinase. The present review analyzed the synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR) and mechanism of action studies of benzothiazole derivatives as antibacterial agents reported by various research groups in the last five years (2018-2022). Different patents on the antimicrobial activity of benzothiazole derivatives have also been summarized. The finding of the present review will be beneficial for the researchers in the development of novel antibacterial molecules based on benzothiazole moiety. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kashyap
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 India
| | - Sangeeta Verma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 India
| | - Rakesh Narang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 India
| | - Sukhbir Lal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 India
| | - Manish Devgun
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119 India
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Kang Y, Wei C. Highly selective turn-on red fluorescence probes for visualization of the G-quadruplexes DNA in living cells. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 267:120518. [PMID: 34700155 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies on small molecule fluorescent probes for detecting G-quadruplexes DNA have bring about an extensive attention in recent years. In this paper, we designed and synthesized three benzothiazole derivatives named 2a-2c under moderate reaction conditions and investigated their interactions with DNA (single-stranded, duplex, i-motif and G-quadruplex) and distribution in living cell. Three compounds present a large Stokes shift (∼90 nm) and a weak red fluorescence emission, and they exhibit a good selectivity and sensitive turn-on fluorescence response for the promoter G-quadruplex DNA (bcl-2, c-myc and c-kit 2) and mitochondria G-quadruplex (KSS). The affinity of 2a and 2b with N-alkyl side chain group to DNA is stronger than that of 2c with an anion group, therefore, they also increase the stability of the G-quadruplex structure. 2b induces the conformational change of both bcl-2 and KSS G-quadruplexes, while all compounds induce the folding of bcl-2 from the coiled structure to the hybrid G-qrudruplex. Three compounds interact with the G-quadruplex DNA mainly by end-stacking mode. Furthermore, MTT assays and confocal fluorescence images show that these compounds can enter the living HepG2 cells with low cytotoxicity. 2a-2c are mainly located in the mitochondrion and interacted with mitochondria G-quadruplex DNA, while only weak fluorescence can be found in cell nucleus. In a word, 2a-2c can be implied in image of G-quadruplex DNA in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Kang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Chunying Wei
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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Wu XL, Liu L, Wang QC, Wang HF, Zhao XR, Lin XB, Lv WJ, Niu YB, Lu TL, Mei QB. Antitumor Activity and Mechanism Study of Riluzole and Its Derivatives. Iran J Pharm Res 2021; 19:217-230. [PMID: 33680024 PMCID: PMC7757987 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.1101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore novel antitumor agents with high efficiency and low toxicity, riluzole alkyl derivatives (4a-4i) were synthesized. Their anti-proliferative activities against HeLa, HepG2, SP2/0, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines were assessed by the CCK-8 assay and compared with human normal liver (LO2) cells. Most of them showed potent cytotoxic effects against four human tumor cell lines and low toxic to LO2 cells. In particular, 2-(N-ethylamine)-6-trifluoromethoxy- benzothiazole (4a) showed a IC50 value of 7.76 μmol/L in HeLa cells and was found to be nontoxic to LO2 cells up to 65 μmol/L. Furthermore, flow cytometry indicated that 4a could induce remarkable early apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells. It also impaired the migration ability of HeLa cells in wound healing assays. Western blot results demonstrated that 4a suppressed Bcl-2 protein expression but increased the level of Bax in HeLa cells, and elevated the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio. These new findings suggest that 4a exhibited beneficially anti-cervical cancer effect on HeLa cells by inducing HeLa cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Wu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing-Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai-Fang Wang
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Zhao
- Laboratory Center of Shaanxi Province People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu-Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Jun Lv
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yin-Bo Niu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting-Li Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi-Bing Mei
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Cabrera Pérez LC, Padilla-Martínez II, Cruz A, Correa Basurto J, Miliar García Á, Hernández Zavala AA, Gómez López M, Rosales Hernández MC. Design, synthesis, molecular docking and in vitro evaluation of benzothiazole derivatives as 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors. Mol Divers 2019; 24:1-14. [PMID: 31664610 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-10006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
11-Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) regulates cortisol levels mainly in adipose, hepatic and brain tissues. There is a relationship between the high activity of this enzyme and the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 has been shown to attenuate the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and other diseases mediated by excessive cortisol production. In this work, fifteen benzothiazole derivatives substituted with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups were designed to explore their affinity for 11β-HSD1 using in silico methods. The results show that (E)-5-((benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylimino)(methylthio)methylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (C1) has good physicochemical properties and favorable interactions with 11β-HSD1 through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions in the catalytic site formed by Y183, S170 and Y177. Furthermore, C1 was synthesized and evaluated in vitro and ex vivo using clobenzorex (CLX) as a reference drug in obese Zucker rats. The in vitro results showed that C1 was a better inhibitor of human 11β-HSD1 than CLX. The ex vivo assay results demonstrated that C1 was capable of reducing 11β-HSD1 overexpression in mesenteric adipose tissue. Therefore, C1 was able to decrease the activity and expression of 11β-HSD1 better than CLX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Cabrera Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología , Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzia I Padilla-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología , Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Cruz
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología , Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Correa Basurto
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ángel Miliar García
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Argelia A Hernández Zavala
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Modesto Gómez López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha C Rosales Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Venugopala KN, Chandrashekharappa S, Pillay M, Bhandary S, Kandeel M, Mahomoodally FM, Morsy MA, Chopra D, Aldhubiab BE, Attimarad M, Alwassil OI, Harsha S, Mlisana K, Odhav B. Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of Novel Benzothiazole Derivatives as Anti-tubercular Agents: In-silico Screening for Possible Target Identification. Med Chem 2019; 15:311-326. [PMID: 29968540 DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180703121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzothiazole derivatives are known for anti-TB properties. Based on the known anti-TB benzothiazole pharmacophore, in the present study, we described the synthesis, structural elucidation, and anti-tubercular screening of a series of novel benzothiazole (BNTZ) derivatives (BNTZ 1-7 and BNTZ 8-13). OBJECTIVE The study aims to carry out the development of benzothiazole based anti-TB compounds. METHODS Title compounds are synthesized by microwave method and purified by column chromatography. Characterization of the compounds is achieved by FT-IR, NMR (1H and 13C), LCMS and elemental analysis. Screening of test compounds for anti-TB activity is achieved by Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA) Plate method. RESULTS It was noted that the BNTZ compound with an isoquinoline nucleus (BNTZ 9) exhibited remarkable anti-tubercular activity at 8 µg/mL against both the susceptible strain H37Rv and the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. On the other hand, the BNTZ compound with a naphthalene nucleus (BNTZ 2) revealed anti-tubercular activity at 6 µg/mL and 11 µg/mL against both the susceptible strain H37Rv and the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis strains of M. tuberculosis, respectively. One of the selected BNTZ derivatives BNTZ 13 was used for single crystal X-ray studies. CONCLUSION To identify the appropriate target for potent BNTZ compounds from the series, molecular modeling studies revealed the multiple strong binding of several BNTZs with mycobacterium lysine-ɛ-aminotransferase and decaprenyl-phosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2'-oxidase. The interaction is derived by forming favorable hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions. This new class of BNTZ compounds gave promising anti-tubercular actions in the low micromolar range, and can be further optimized on a structural basis to develop promising, novel, BNTZ pharmacophore-based anti-tubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NCBS, TIFR, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Melendhran Pillay
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Fawzi M Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511 El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bandar E Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama I Alwassil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, 3163, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sree Harsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Bharti Odhav
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
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