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Lee J, Shokparova A, Asrymbetova Z, Lahcine OF, Kim Y. The effect of personality traits on over-the-top service use and binge-watching. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 245:104234. [PMID: 38565067 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the freedom to consume content on preferred devices at any time as long as there is an Internet connection, the growing demand for over-the-top (OTT) services is evident. In conjunction with the rise of OTT services, binge-watching has become a prevalent behavior. In this research, we explore whether personality traits including the Big Five and need for cognition wield an effect on OTT use and binge-watching. We used a large, diverse, population representative sample from South Korea to investigate this topic. Results indicated that openness to experience and need for cognition were positively related to OTT use. Openness to experience, emotional stability, conscientiousness, and need for cognition had a negative association with binge-watching. When the sample was split by OTT frequency, the binge-watching effects were obtained exclusively for daily OTT users. For non-daily OTT users, most of the personality traits did not exert an effect on binge-watching. Implications of the current findings as well as limitations and future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Lee
- School of Business Administration, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
| | - Azel Shokparova
- School of Business Administration, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
| | - Zagira Asrymbetova
- School of Business Administration, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
| | - Orane Farrah Lahcine
- School of Business Administration, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
| | - Yeolib Kim
- Graduate School of Technology and Innovation Management, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
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Bastos M, Naranjo-Zolotov M, Aparício M. Binge-watching Uncovered: Examining the interplay of perceived usefulness, habit, and regret in continuous viewing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27848. [PMID: 38515690 PMCID: PMC10955278 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Binge-watching has become one of the most popular ways for people to spend their free time. Binge-watching refers to watching more than two episodes of a television show in a single sitting. This pattern of behavior can be seen in people of a wide range of ages, but it is particularly widespread among people of millennial age and younger. In this study, we propose a model that explains binge-watching engagement by theorizing and testing the association of social influence on perceived usefulness, regret on the continuous intention of binge-watching, and habit on continuous intention and binge-watching engagement. The authors evaluated the model using data collected from 225 respondents. The results supported the proposed hypotheses and confirmed that regret does not neutralize the positive - and strong - effect of perceived usefulness and habit on binge-watching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bastos
- NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mijail Naranjo-Zolotov
- NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Aparício
- NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Campolide, 1070-312 Lisboa, Portugal
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Baselgia S, Combertaldi SL, Fahr A, Wirz DS, Ort A, Rasch B. Pre-sleep arousal induced by suspenseful series and cliffhangers have only minor effects on sleep: A sleep laboratory study. Sleep Med 2023; 102:186-198. [PMID: 36701833 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pre-sleep arousal impairs sleep. Therefore, watching suspenseful TV series before sleep is not recommended as they increase arousal. In particular, the consumption of multiple episodes of the same suspenseful TV series in one sitting - termed binge-watching - could lead to large increases in physiological arousal delaying sleep onset. Furthermore, abrupt endings during critical scenes - termed cliffhangers - result in unfinished story lines, which further increase cognitive arousal and could negatively impact sleep architecture and the number of awakenings. However, the effects of binge-watching and cliffhangers on objective sleep parameters are still unknown. Here we tested in a controlled sleep-laboratory setting whether pre-sleep arousal induced by watching 3-4 episodes of a suspenseful TV series has negative effects on sleep in 50 healthy young participants (39 females, mean age = 22.62 ± 2.60 (SD)). Watching a neutral TV series served as a control condition, according to a within-subject design. In one group of participants, the suspenseful TV series ended with a cliffhanger. In the other group, the same TV series ended where no ongoing action was interrupted. Pre-sleep arousal was measured both subjectively with the self-reported level of stress and objectively with the mean heart rate and cortisol level. As expected, suspenseful TV series induced higher cognitive and physiological pre-sleep arousal than neutral control TV series, with highest values for TV series with cliffhangers. In spite of the high pre-sleep arousal, participants fell asleep faster after watching the suspenseful compared with the neutral TV series (F(1,48) = 4.89, p = 0.032, η2 = 0.09). Sleep architecture and the number of awakenings remained unaffected. However, in the first two sleep cycles, heart rate was still higher after watching suspenseful TV series (F(1,48) = 6.76, p = 0.012, η2 = 0.12). And only after cliffhangers, objective sleep quality - measured as the ratio between slow-wave and beta activity during sleep - was lower than in the other conditions (interaction effect, F(1,48) = 5.05, p = 0.029, η2 = 0.10). Our results speak against large impairments of pre-sleep watching of multiple episodes of suspenseful TV series and cliffhangers on sleep quality and architecture. However, unfinished narratives might induce more subtle changes in oscillatory power during sleep, possibly reflecting ongoing cognitive processing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Baselgia
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Fahr
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Stefanie Wirz
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Ort
- Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Chang YJ, Peng CY. Exploring experiences of binge-watching and perceived addictiveness among binge-watchers: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2285. [PMID: 36474226 PMCID: PMC9724272 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in technology and the Internet have led to the emergence of a phenomenon known as binge-watching. This qualitative study aims to explore experiences and perceptions of binge-watching behavior. The criteria of behavioral addiction were used to examine the characteristics of binge-watching behavior. METHODS We recruited 25 self-identified binge-watchers in Taiwan and conducted seven focus-group interviews with them in 2019 and 2020. Before their interview, the participants were asked to complete a brief questionnaire to collect information on their sociodemographic characteristics and binge-watching frequency. RESULTS The participants defined binge-watching behavior as consecutively watching episodes of shows with continuous content, rather than based on the time spent watching or the number of episodes watched. While they felt it may affect their daily routine, they mentioned almost no impacts on their health. Most participants emphasized the pleasure and social functions of binge-watching. This differs from previous studies, which have suggested an association between binge-watching and negative emotions. Notably, while most participants considered binge-watching to be an addictive behavior, they denied that they themselves were addicted. CONCLUSIONS Our participants generally reported positive attitudes toward binge-watching. The addictiveness of binge-watching remains controversial. Further studies exploring the possibility of addictive binge-watching and potential mechanisms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jung Chang
- grid.412090.e0000 0001 2158 7670Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, 106 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Peng
- grid.412146.40000 0004 0573 0416Department of Gerontological Health Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 365, Mingde Rd, Beitou District, Taipei City, 112 Taiwan
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Cordeiro JA, Castro D, Nisi V, Nunes NJ. BWDAT: A research tool for analyzing the consumption of VOD content at home. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 13:100336. [PMID: 33644293 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BWDAT is a reliable tool that facilitates the study of viewing experience on VOD platforms. Collects users’ physiological data and users’ interactions with Netflix interface. Non-intrusive and easy to use, successfully used in long-term projects with more than 200 users. Includes a graphical display of the viewing sessions to help researchers visualize the data. Includes an automatic report generator and data exporter for multiple platforms.
Introduction New approaches to the study of the binge-watching phenomenon require new technology, leading to the development of a non-intrusive and low-cost analytical research software that facilitates a holistic understanding of binge-watching in an uncontrolled environment remotely (e.g., the home). BWDAT was developed to allow the collection of three types of data: users’ physiological data gathered from a smartwatch, users’ interactions from video-on-demand interfaces, and self-reported data. This tool offers the possibility to generate automatic data analysis reports, facilitating researchers’ data analysis tasks. Methods Two trial studies and a long-term study were used to evaluate the design and the technical implementation of the BWDAT tool. The metrics used were the BWDAT smartwatch’s App data coverage of the viewing sessions, and the data’s reliability of the viewer’s interactions with the Netflix interface, collected by the BWDAT Chrome Extension. Results High percentages of data coverage and content coverage were verified in the sessions collecting the smartwatch’s data. The reporting system developed proved to be useful in the collection and synchronization of physiological and users’ interaction data with Netflix interface, both generated in uncontrolled environments. Furthermore, the BWDAT tool facilitated the analysis of a large amount of nuanced data. Conclusion The results obtained confirm the reliability, accuracy, and usability of BWDAT. This tool has the potential to help researchers shed new light on the field of media and audience studies, and in particular on binge-watching.
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Ort A, Wirz DS, Fahr A. Is binge-watching addictive? Effects of motives for TV series use on the relationship between excessive media consumption and problematic viewing habits. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 13:100325. [PMID: 33457488 PMCID: PMC7797362 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge-watching frequency and motives explain problematic viewing behaviors. However, binge-watching is not a problematic behavior per se. Frequently bingeing can promote problematic viewing habits. Recreational motifs for binge-watching attenuate indicators for problematic viewing. While social interaction, learning, escapism, loneliness, and stimulation promote them. We hope this is possible. The latter interact with the frequency of use in nurturing the development of problematic habits.
This study investigates the circumstances under which binge-watching can become a problematic behavior. Applying a user-centered perspective, it demonstrates how different motivations to engage in high-dosage TV series consumption influence the occurrence of problematic viewing habits. A quantitative online survey of N = 415 media users with access to at least one streaming service was conducted. The questionnaire assessed current viewing habits, motivations to watch series, and indicators of problematic viewing habits. The results suggest that frequency of use, motives to engage in high dosage viewing sessions, as well as the combined effect of these two factors help to explain problematic viewing behaviors. Moreover, the results give cause to refrain from a generalizing problematization of binge-watching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ort
- Department of Public Health and Medicine, Universität Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - D S Wirz
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - A Fahr
- Department of Communication and Media Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Steins-Loeber S, Reiter T, Averbeck H, Harbarth L, Brand M. Binge-Watching Behaviour: The Role of Impulsivity and Depressive Symptoms. Eur Addict Res 2020; 26:141-150. [PMID: 32074611 DOI: 10.1159/000506307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following the digital progress and the availability of online streaming services, binge-watching (in the literature often defined as watching >2 episodes of a TV series in one sitting) has become a popular viewing pattern. Concerns about possible negative consequences of this behaviour have arisen and its proximity to behavioural addictions is discussed. The aim of the present study was to explore how depressive symptoms, impulsivity and their potential interaction are related to the consequences of binge-watching. In addition, the possible association of the Big 5 personality traits neuroticism, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and openness with consequences from binge-watching was assessed. METHOD An online survey including the assessment of intensity of and negative consequences from binge-watching (with an adapted version of the Short-Internet-Addiction Test and a newly developed questionnaire) and questionnaires on depressive symptoms (i.e., General Depression Scale), impulsivity (i.e., Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) and personality traits (i.e., short version of the Big 5 Inventory) was completed by 228 participants. RESULTS Regression analysis indicated that impulsivity was associated with loss of control and neglect of duties, while depressive symptoms led to neglect of duties and social problems. No significant interaction effects were observed. Conscientiousness was the only personality trait that explained a significant proportion of the variance of consequences from binge-watching. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that depressive symptoms and impulsivity are 2 independent pathways to negative consequences from binge watching. However, given the rather low proportion of variance proportion explained, future studies are warranted to enhance our understanding of other individual characteristics and to further clarify the proximity to behavioural addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany,
| | - Theresia Reiter
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Heike Averbeck
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Lydia Harbarth
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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