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Chellachamy Anbalagan A, Korram J, Doble M, Sawant SN. Bio-functionalized carbon dots for signaling immuno-reaction of carcinoembryonic antigen in an electrochemical biosensor for cancer biomarker detection. Discov Nano 2024; 19:37. [PMID: 38421453 PMCID: PMC10904696 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of cancer demands sensitive and accurate detection of cancer biomarkers in blood. Carbon dots (CDs) bio-functionalization with antibodies, peptides or aptamers have played significant role in cancer diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy. Herein, a biosensor for detection of cancer biomarker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in blood serum has been designed using CDs bio-functionalized with HRP-conjugated CEA antibody (CUCDs@CEAAb2) as detection probe. CDs were synthesized by upscaling of cow urine, a nitrogen rich biomass waste, by hydrothermal method. Detection probe based on CDs resulted in 3.5 times higher sensitivity as compared to conventional electrochemical sandwich immunoassay. To further improve the sensor performance, hyper-branched polyethylenimine grafted poly amino aniline (PEI-g-PAANI) was used as the sensing interface, which enabled immobilization of higher amount of capture antibody. Detection of CEA in human blood serum coupled with wide linear range (0.5-50 ng/ml), good specificity, stability, reproducibility and low detection limit (10 pg/ml) signified the excellence of CUCDs based CEA immunosensor. CUCDs exhibited excitation wavelength dependent fluorescence property and showed strong blue emission under UV irradiation. MTT assay indicated that the material is not toxic towards human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and MG63 osteosarcoma cells (cell viability > 90%). The present study demonstrates a methodology for valorization of animal waste to a cost-effective carbon based functional nanomaterial for clinical detection of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyoti Korram
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Shilpa N Sawant
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Majeed M, Hakeem KR, Rehman RU. Synergistic effect of plant extract coupled silver nanoparticles in various therapeutic applications- present insights and bottlenecks. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132527. [PMID: 34637861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytocomponent conjugated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively explored for various therapeutic applications such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anticoagulant effects. The bio-conjugation of Ag-based nanomaterial with plant extracts reduces their toxicity to biological systems and enhances their therapeutic effectiveness. The diversity of phytochemicals or capping agents provided by the plant extracts and the small size and large surface area of AgNPs permits maximum adsorption of these capping agents onto their surfaces that further promote the therapeutic performance of phytoconjugated AgNPs in various biomedical applications. The mechanistic action involved in antimicrobial and anticancer functions of AgNPs is mainly dependent on the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in cellular apoptosis and necrosis. This review summarizes the recent studies of various plant extract assisted synthesis of AgNPs, potential biomedical applications with the possible mechanism of action and major shortcomings affecting their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Majeed
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, India
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Princess Dr Najla Bint Saud Al- Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reiaz Ul Rehman
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, India.
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Noisier AFM, Gopalakrishnan R. Oxime/Hydrazone Conjugation at Histidine: Late-Stage Functionalization Approach of Unprotected Peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2355:35-48. [PMID: 34386948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1617-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Synthetic molecular probes have recently been in focus for their potential use in target deconvolution, target engagement studies, and imaging. With the field expanding, new strategies to develop such tools are in high demand. While traditional conjugation techniques relying on inherently nucleophilic amino acids such as cysteine (Cys) and lysine (Lys) or pre-incorporated non-natural amino acids are still heavily used, novel methodologies for the direct and site-selective modification of peptides are attracting increasing attention. Of particular interest are Late-Stage Functionalization (LSF) approaches based on radical chemistry as they afford mild and biocompatible alternatives to transition-metal catalysis. A recent synthetic method, which leverages the unique reactivity of histidine (His), has proven to be a promising new strategy for LSF and site-selective conjugation of unprotected peptides. In this chapter, detailed step-by-step protocols depicting the C2-alkylation of His-containing peptides, the unveiling of a ketone as handle for hydrazone conjugation, and its use to site-selectively introduce a fluorophore at this residue are discussed. In addition to its application toward the synthesis of molecular probes, this methodology can be employed in peptide-based drug discovery programs, offering the possibility to rapidly explore the chemical space surrounding peptide hits. Finally, this strategy is also amenable to the preparation of novel peptide-ASO/small molecule drug conjugates.
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Agarwal G, Agiwal S, Srivastava A. Hyaluronic acid containing scaffolds ameliorate stem cell function for tissue repair and regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:388-401. [PMID: 32961192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence based studies have proposed hyaluronic acid (HA) as an emerging biopolymer for various tissue engineering application. Meanwhile, stem cells (SCs) have also gained immense popularity for their tissue regenerative capacity. Thus, combining HA and stem cells for tissue engineering application have shown to foster tissue repair and regeneration process. HA possesses the ability to interact with SCs via cellular surface receptors along with the capacity to elicit the process of differentiation. The influence of HA on stem cells has been widely investigated in cartilage and bone repair but their properties of reducing inflammation has also been explored in various other tissue repair processes. In this review, we have provided an insight to the effect of crosslinked and non-crosslinked HA on various stem cells. Further, HA based scaffolds combined with stem cells have shown to have a synergistic effect in the regeneration capacity. Also, various chemically modified HA and biomolecules conjugated HA as a suitable carrier or matrix for stem cells delivery and the effect of HA in fine tuning the stem cells function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Agarwal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Shubham Agiwal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Thimiri Govinda Raj DB, Khan NA, Venkatachalam S, Arumugam S, Palaniswamy S. Synthesis of Hybrid Gold Nanoparticle (AuNP) Functionalized Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles (SPMNPs) for Efficient Coupling of Biomolecules. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2125:73-75. [PMID: 31463891 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported our methodology for isolating plasma membrane and lysosome from eukaryotic cell using superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs). Here in this article, we report a step-by-step protocol for synthesis of hybrid gold nanoparticle (AuNP), surface functionalization of AuNPs on superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs), and potential use of hybrid AuNP-SPMNP for efficient coupling of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niamat Ali Khan
- Envirotransgene® Bio-solutions Global, Chennai, India
- DTCG®, Chennai, India
| | | | - Sivakumar Arumugam
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvamani Palaniswamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kushwah V, Katiyar SS, Agrawal AK, Saraf I, Singh IP, Lamprou DA, Gupta RC, Jain S. Implication of linker length on cell cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of gemcitabine-docetaxel combinatorial dual drug conjugate. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:357-374. [PMID: 29981409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates effect of linkers [zero length (without linker), short length linker (glycine and lysine) and long length linker (PEG1000, PEG2000 and PEG3500)] on pharmacokinetics and toxicity of docetaxel (DTX) and gemcitabine (GEM) bio-conjugates. Conjugates were synthesized via carbodiimide chemistry and characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR. Conjugation of DTX and GEM via linkers showed diverse physiochemical and plasma stability profile. Cellular uptake mechanism in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines revealed clathrin mediated internalization of bio-conjugates developed by using long length linkers, leading to higher cytotoxicity compared with free drug congeners. DTX-PEG3500-GEM and DTX-PEG2000-GEM demonstrated 4.21 and 3.81-fold higher AUC(0-∞) of GEM in comparison with GEM alone. DTX-PEG2000-GEM and DTX-PEG3500-GEM exhibited reduced hepato-, nephro- and haemolytic toxicity as evident via histopathology, biochemical markers and SEM analysis of RBCs. Conclusively, PEG2000 and PEG3500 significantly improved pharmacokinetics without any sign of toxicity and hence can be explored further for the development of dual-drug conjugates for better therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kushwah
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India; James Graham Brown Cancer Centre, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sameer S Katiyar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- James Graham Brown Cancer Centre, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Isha Saraf
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Inder Pal Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Dimitrios A Lamprou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- James Graham Brown Cancer Centre, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India.
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Sharan J, Koul V, Dinda AK, Kharbanda OP, Lale SV, Duggal R, Mishra M, Gupta G, Singh MP. Bio-functionalization of grade V titanium alloy with type I human collagen for enhancing and promoting human periodontal fibroblast cell adhesion - an in-vitro study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 161:1-9. [PMID: 29035745 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of medical grade V titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with biomolecules is an important and vital step for tailoring it for various biomedical applications. Present study investigates theinfluence of type I human collagen (T1HC) bio-conjugation through a three stage process. Polished grade V titanium alloy discs were functionalizedwith free OH group by means of controlled heat and alkali treatment followed by coating of 3-aminopropyltriethoxy (APTES) silane couplingagent. T1HC were bio-conjugated through 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDCNHS)coupling reaction. At each stage, grade V titanium alloy surfaces were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Xrayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FTIR and XPS studies confirms thecovalent attachment of APTES with titanium alloy surface while terminalamine groups of APTES remained free for further attachment of T1HCthrough covalent bond. Aqueous stability of bio-conjugated titanium discsat various pH and time intervals (i.e. at pH of 5.5, 6.8 and 8.0 at timeinterval of 27 and 48h) confirmed the stability of T1HC bioconjugated collagen on titanium surface. Further human periodontalfibroblast cell line (HPdlF) culture revealed enhanced adhesion on theT1HC bio-conjugated surface compared to the polystyrene and polishedgrade V titanium alloy surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Sharan
- Divison of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Amit K Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Om P Kharbanda
- Divison of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Shantanu V Lale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Ritu Duggal
- Divison of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Monu Mishra
- Physics of Energy Harvesting, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Govind Gupta
- Physics of Energy Harvesting, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Manoj P Singh
- Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Guo C, Kim H, Ovadia EM, Mourafetis CM, Yang M, Chen W, Kloxin AM. Bio-orthogonal conjugation and enzymatically triggered release of proteins within multi-layered hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2017; 56:80-90. [PMID: 28391052 PMCID: PMC5510749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are facile architectures for the controlled presentation of proteins with far-reaching applications, from fundamental biological studies in three-dimensional culture to new regenerative medicine and therapeutic delivery strategies. Here, we demonstrate a versatile approach for spatially-defined presentation of engineered proteins within hydrogels through i) immobilization using bio-orthogonal strain-promoted alkyne-azide click chemistry and ii) dynamic protease-driven protein release using exogenously applied enzyme. Model fluorescent proteins were expressed using nonsense codon replacement to incorporate azide-containing unnatural amino acids in a site-specific manner toward maintaining protein activity: here, cyan fluorescent protein (AzCFP), mCherry fluorescent protein (AzmCh), and mCh decorated with a thrombin cut-site. (AzTMBmCh). Eight-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was modified with dibenzylcyclooctyne (DBCO) groups and reacted with azide functionalized PEG in aqueous solution for rapid formation of hydrogels. Azide functionalized full-length fluorescent proteins were successfully incorporated into the hydrogel network by reaction with PEG-DBCO prior to gel formation. Temporal release and removal of select proteins (AzTMBmCh) was triggered with the application of thrombin and monitored in real-time with confocal microscopy, providing a responsive handle for controlling matrix properties. Hydrogels with regions of different protein compositions were created using a layering technique with thicknesses of hundreds of micrometers, affording opportunities for the creation of complex geometries on size scales relevant for controlling cellular microenvironments. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Controlling protein presentation within biomaterials is important for modulating interactions with biological systems. For example, native tissues are composed of subunits with different matrix compositions (proteins, stiffness) that dynamically interact with cells, influencing function and fate. Toward mimicking such temporally-regulated and spatially-defined microenvironments, we utilize bio-orthogonal click chemistry and protein engineering to create hydrogels with distinct regions of proteins and modify them over time. Through nonsense codon replacement, we site-specifically functionalize large proteins with i) azides for covalent conjugation and ii) an enzymatic cleavage site for user-defined release from hydrogels. Our results exemplify not only the ability to create unique bio-functionalized hydrogels with controlled mechanical properties, but also the potential for creating interesting interfaces for cell culture and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Heejae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Elisa M Ovadia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Christine M Mourafetis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Mingrui Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - April M Kloxin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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Brieke C, Kratzig V, Peschke M, Cryle MJ. Facile Synthetic Access to Glycopeptide Antibiotic Precursor Peptides for the Investigation of Cytochrome P450 Action in Glycopeptide Antibiotic Biosynthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1401:85-102. [PMID: 26831703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3375-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The glycopeptide antibiotics are an important class of complex, medically relevant peptide natural products. Given that the production of such compounds all stems from in vivo biosynthesis, understanding the mechanisms of the natural assembly system--consisting of a nonribosomal-peptide synthetase machinery (NRPS) and further modifying enzymes--is vital. In order to address the later steps of peptide biosynthesis, which are catalyzed by Cytochrome P450s that interact with the peptide-producing nonribosomal peptide synthetase, peptide substrates are required: these peptides must also be in a form that can be conjugated to carrier protein domains of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase machinery. Here, we describe a practical and effective route for the solid phase synthesis of glycopeptide antibiotic precursor peptides as their Coenzyme A (CoA) conjugates to allow enzymatic conjugation to carrier protein domains. This route utilizes Fmoc-chemistry suppressing epimerization of racemization-prone aryl glycine derivatives and affords high yields and excellent purities, requiring only a single step of simple solid phase extraction for chromatographic purification. With this, comprehensive investigations of interactions between various NRPS-bound substrates and Cytochrome P450s are enabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brieke
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Veronika Kratzig
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Madeleine Peschke
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Max J Cryle
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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Chaudhari AA, Ashmore D, Nath SD, Kate K, Dennis V, Singh SR, Owen DR, Palazzo C, Arnold RD, Miller ME, Pillai SR. A novel covalent approach to bio-conjugate silver coated single walled carbon nanotubes with antimicrobial peptide. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:58. [PMID: 27412259 PMCID: PMC4944237 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, the use of silver coated single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs-Ag) and antimicrobial peptides (APs) is becoming popular due to their antimicrobial properties against a wide range of pathogens. However, stability against various conditions and toxicity in human cells are some of the major drawbacks of APs and SWCNTs-Ag, respectively. Therefore, we hypothesized that APs-functionalized SWCNTs-Ag could act synergistically. Various covalent functionalization protocols described previously involve harsh treatment of carbon nanotubes for carboxylation (first step in covalent functionalization) and the non-covalently functionalized SWCNTs are not satisfactory. METHODS The present study is the first report wherein SWCNTs-Ag were first carboxylated using Tri sodium citrate (TSC) at 37 °C and then subsequently functionalized covalently with an effective antimicrobial peptide from Therapeutic Inc., TP359 (FSWCNTs-Ag). SWCNTs-Ag were also non covalently functionalized with TP359 by simple mixing (SWCNTs-Ag-M) and both, the FSWCNTs-Ag (covalent) and SWCNTs-Ag-M (non-covalent), were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet visualization (UV-VIS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further the antibacterial activity of both and TP359 were investigated against two gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and two gram negative (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli) pathogens and the cellular toxicity of TP359 and FSWCNTs-Ag was compared with plain SWCNTs-Ag using murine macrophages and lung carcinoma cells. RESULTS FT-IR analysis revealed that treatment with TSC successfully resulted in carboxylation of SWCNTs-Ag and the peptide was indeed attached to the SWCNTs-Ag evidenced by TEM images. More importantly, the present study results further showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FSWCNTs-Ag were much lower (~7.8-3.9 µg/ml with IC50: ~4-5 µg/ml) compared to SWCNTs-Ag-M and plain SWCNTs-Ag (both 62.6 µg/ml, IC50: ~31-35 µg/ml), suggesting that the covalent conjugation of TP359 with SWCNTs-Ag was very effective on their counterparts. Additionally, FSWCNTs-Ag are non-toxic to the eukaryotic cells at their MIC concentrations (5-2.5 µg/ml) compared to SWCNTs-Ag (62.5 µg/ml). CONCLUSION In conclusion, we demonstrated that covalent functionalization of SWCNTs-Ag and TP359 exhibited an additive antibacterial activity. This study described a novel approach to prepare SWCNT-Ag bio-conjugates without loss of antimicrobial activity and reduced toxicity, and this strategy will aid in the development of novel and biologically important nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul A. Chaudhari
- />Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL USA
| | - D’andrea Ashmore
- />Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL USA
| | - Subrata deb Nath
- />Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Kunal Kate
- />Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Vida Dennis
- />Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL USA
| | - Shree R. Singh
- />Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL USA
| | - Don R. Owen
- />Therapeutic Peptides Inc., 7053 Revenue Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA
| | - Chris Palazzo
- />Therapeutic Peptides Inc., 7053 Revenue Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA
| | - Robert D. Arnold
- />Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Michael E. Miller
- />Research Instrumentation Facility, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Shreekumar R. Pillai
- />Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL USA
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Chang JW, Wu YM, Chen ZY, Huang SH, Wang CH, Wu PL, Weng YP, You C, Piehler J, Chang WH. Hybrid electron microscopy-FRET imaging localizes the dynamical C-terminus of Tfg2 in RNA polymerase II-TFIIF with nanometer precision. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:52-62. [PMID: 23732819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
TFIIF-a general transcription factor comprising two conserved subunits can associate with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) tightly to regulate the synthesis of messenger RNA in eukaryotes. Herein, a hybrid method that combines electron microscopy (EM) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is described and used to localize the C-terminus of the second TFIIF subunit (Tfg2) in the architecture of RNAPII-TFIIF. In the first stage, a poly-histidine tag appended to the Tfg2 C-terminus was labeled with nickel-NTA nanogold and a seven-step single particle EM protocol was devised to obtain the region accessible by the nanogold in 3D, suggesting the Tfg2 C-terminus is proximal to the clamp of RNAPII. Next, the C-termini of the Rpb2 and the Rpb4 subunits of RNAPII, adjacent to the clamp, were selected for placing FRET satellites to enable the nano-positioning (NP) analysis, by which the localization precision was improved such that the Tfg2 C-terminus was found to dwell on the clamp ridge but could move to the clamp top during transcription. Because the tag receptive to the EM or FRET probes can be readily introduced to any protein subunit, this hybrid approach is generally applicable to complement cryo-EM study of many protein complexes to nanometer precision.
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