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Amante G, Wedajo M, Temteme S. Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) response to application of mineral nitrogen and bradyrhizobia on Nitisols of Teppi, Southwest Ethiopia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30540. [PMID: 38737230 PMCID: PMC11088308 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), an important crop grown for its protein source for humans and livestock, is widely introduced in different parts of Ethiopia. However, the productivity of the crop is far below its potential in the country due to different factors, among which low soil fertility is a major contributor. Hence, this field experiment was conducted with the objective of determining the optimum rate of starter nitrogen (N) and bradyrhizobium inoculation on yield and yield components of soybean in the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons. Two levels of bradyrhizobia (inoculated and uninoculated) and six levels of starter nitrogen (0, 9, 18, 27, 36, and 54 kg N ha-1) were arranged in a factorial design. The result showed that soybean grain yield increased by about 60 % with inoculation of bradyrhizobia applied with low rates of starter nitrogen fertilizer, regardless of cropping seasons. Application of a nitrogen rate above 18 kg N ha-1 leads to yield decline and has no significant variation from bradyrhizobia inoculation only. Regardless of the cropping seasons, elevated levels of starter nitrogen beyond 27 kg ha-1 suppressed nodulation and nodule dry matter. Starter N at a rate of 9 and 18 kg N ha-1 improved soybean nodulation by 125-130 % over control and 95 % over bradyrhizobia inoculation alone. Thus, it was recommended to apply bradyrhizobia strains with 9 or 18 kg N ha-1 starter nitrogen for better yield of soybean as well as adequate nitrogen fixation in Nitisols having moderate soil nitrogen levels similar to the Teppi areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guta Amante
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Teppi Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 34, Teppi, Ethiopia
| | - Mulisa Wedajo
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Teppi Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 34, Teppi, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Teppi Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 34, Teppi, Ethiopia
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Sethu Madhavan A, Montanez Hernandez LE, Gu ZR, Subramanian S. Effect of graphene on soybean root colonization by Bradyrhizobium strains. Plant Direct 2023; 7:e522. [PMID: 37671087 PMCID: PMC10475502 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Legume crops such as soybean obtain a large portion of their nitrogen nutrition through symbiotic nitrogen fixation by diazotrophic rhizobia bacteria in root nodules. However, nodule occupancy by low-capacity nitrogen-fixing rhizobia can lead to lower-than-optimal levels of nitrogen fixation. Seed/root coating with engineered materials such as graphene-carrying biomolecules that may promote specific attraction/attachment of desirable bacterial strains is a potential strategy that can help overcome this rhizobia competition problem. As a first step towards this goal, we assessed the impact of graphene on soybean and Bradyrhizobium using a set of growth, biochemical, and physiological assays. Three different concentrations of graphene were tested for toxicity in soybean (50, 250, and 1,000 mg/l) and Bradyrhizobia (25, 50, and 100 mg/l). Higher graphene concentrations (250 mg/l and 1,000 mg/l) promoted seed germination but slightly delayed plant development. Spectrometric and microscopy assays for hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion suggested that specific concentrations of graphene led to higher levels of reactive oxygen species in the roots. In agreement, these roots also showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. Conversely, no toxic effects were detected on Bradyrhizobia treated with graphene, and neither did they have higher levels of reactive oxygen species. Graphene treatments at 250 mg/l and 1,000 mg/l significantly reduced the number of nodules, but rhizobia infection and the overall nitrogenase activity were not affected. Our results show that graphene can be used as a potential vehicle for seed/root treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Sethu Madhavan
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant ScienceSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth DakotaUSA
| | | | - Zheng Rong Gu
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems EngineeringSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth DakotaUSA
| | - Senthil Subramanian
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant ScienceSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth DakotaUSA
- Department of Biology and MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth DakotaUSA
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Mburu SW, Koskey G, Njeru EM, Ombori O, Maingi J, Kimiti JM. Genetic and phenotypic diversity of microsymbionts nodulating promiscuous soybeans from different agro-climatic conditions. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:109. [PMID: 35849206 PMCID: PMC9294079 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Global food supply is highly dependent on field crop production that is currently severely threatened by changing climate, poor soil quality, abiotic, and biotic stresses. For instance, one of the major challenges to sustainable crop production in most developing countries is limited nitrogen in the soil. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of legumes such as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) with rhizobia plays a crucial role in supplying nitrogen sufficient to maintain good crop productivity. Characterization of indigenous bradyrhizobia is a prerequisite in the selection and development of effective bioinoculants. In view of this, bradyrhizobia were isolated from soybean nodules in four agro-climatic zones of eastern Kenya (Embu Upper Midland Zone, Embu Lower Midland Zone, Tharaka Upper Midland Zone, and Tharaka Lower Midland Zone) using two soybean varieties (SB8 and SB126). The isolates were characterized using biochemical, morphological, and genotypic approaches. DNA fingerprinting was carried out using 16S rRNA gene and restricted by enzymes HaeIII, Msp1, and EcoRI. Results Thirty-eight (38) bradyrhizobia isolates obtained from the trapping experiments were placed into nine groups based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Most (77%) of the isolates had characteristics of fast-grower bradyrhizobia while 23% were slow-growers. Restriction digest revealed significant (p < 0.015) variation within populations and not among the agro-climatic zones based on analysis of molecular variance. Principal coordinate analysis demonstrated sympatric speciation of indigenous bradyrhizobia isolates. Embu Upper Midland Zone bradyrhizobia isolates had the highest polymorphic loci (80%) and highest genetic diversity estimates (H’ = 0.419) compared to other agro-climatic zones. Conclusion The high diversity of bradyrhizobia isolates depicts a valuable genetic resource for selecting more effective and competitive strains to improve promiscuous soybean production at a low cost through biological nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Mburu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 (00100), Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Chuka University, P.O Box 109, Chuka, -60400, Kenya.
| | - Gilbert Koskey
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri Della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ezekiel M Njeru
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 (00100), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omwoyo Ombori
- Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 (00100), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Maingi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 (00100), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacinta M Kimiti
- Department of Forestry and Land Resources Management, South Eastern Kenya University, P.O. Box 170, Kitui, -90200, Kenya
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Halwani M, Reckling M, Egamberdieva D, Omari RA, Bellingrath-Kimura SD, Bachinger J, Bloch R. Soybean Nodulation Response to Cropping Interval and Inoculation in European Cropping Systems. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:638452. [PMID: 34149745 PMCID: PMC8211910 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.638452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To support the adaption of soybean [Glycine max (L) Merrill] cultivation across Central Europe, the availability of compatible soybean nodulating Bradyrhizobia (SNB) is essential. Little is known about the symbiotic potential of indigenous SNB in Central Europe and the interaction with an SNB inoculum from commercial products. The objective of this study was to quantify the capacity of indigenous and inoculated SNB strains on the symbiotic performance of soybean in a pot experiment, using soils with and without soybean history. Under controlled conditions in a growth chamber, the study focused on two main factors: a soybean cropping interval (time since the last soybean cultivation; SCI) and inoculation with commercial Bradyrhizobia strains. Comparing the two types of soil, without soybean history and with 1-4 years SCI, we found out that plants grown in soil with soybean history and without inoculation had significantly more root nodules and higher nitrogen content in the plant tissue. These parameters, along with the leghemoglobin content, were found to be a variable among soils with 1-4 years SCI and did not show a trend over the years. Inoculation in soil without soybean history showed a significant increase in a nodulation rate, leghemoglobin content, and soybean tissue nitrogen concentration. The study found that response to inoculation varied significantly as per locations in soil with previous soybean cultivation history. An inoculated soybean grown on loamy sandy soils from the location Müncheberg had significantly more nodules as well as higher green tissue nitrogen concentration compared with non-inoculated plants. No significant improvement in a nodulation rate and tissue nitrogen concentration was observed for an inoculated soybean grown on loamy sandy soils from the location Fehrow. These results suggest that introduced SNB strains remained viable in the soil and were still symbiotically competent for up to 4 years after soybean cultivation. However, the symbiotic performance of the SNB remaining in the soils was not sufficient in all cases and makes inoculation with commercial products necessary. The SNB strains found in the soil of Central Europe could also be promising candidates for the development of inoculants and already represent a contribution to the successful cultivation of soybeans in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosab Halwani
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Reckling
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Richard Ansong Omari
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonoko D. Bellingrath-Kimura
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Bachinger
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bloch
- Faculty of Landscape Management and Nature Conservation, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany
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Joglekar P, Mesa CP, Richards VA, Polson SW, Wommack KE, Fuhrmann JJ. Polyphasic analysis reveals correlation between phenotypic and genotypic analysis in soybean bradyrhizobia (Bradyrhizobium spp.). Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126073. [PMID: 32139173 PMCID: PMC7894101 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Soybean bradyrhizobia (Bradyrhizobium spp.) are bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen within the root nodules of soybean, a crop critical for meeting global nutritional protein demand. Members of this group differ in symbiotic effectiveness, and historically both phenotypic and genotypic approaches have been used to assess bradyrhizobial diversity. However, agreement between various approaches of assessment is poorly known. A collection (n=382) of soybean bradyrhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum, B. diazoefficiens, and B. elkanii) were characterized by Internal Transcribed Spacer - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS-RFLP), cellular fatty acid composition (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME), and serological reactions to assess agreement between phenotypic and genotypic methods. Overall, 76% of the accessions demonstrated identical clustering with each of these techniques. FAME was able to identify all 382 accessions, whereas 14% were non-reactive serologically. One ITS-RFLP group, containing 36 Delaware isolates, produced multiple ITS amplicons indicating they possess multiple ribosomal RNA (rrn) operons. Cloning and sequencing revealed that these strains contained as many as three heterogenous rrn operons, a trait previously unknown in bradyrhizobia. A representative subset of 96 isolates was further characterized using 16S rRNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) amplicon sequencing. ITS sequences showed better inter- and intra-species discrimination (65-99% identity) than 16S sequences (96-99% identity). This study shows that phenotypic and genotypic approaches are strongly correlated at the species level but should be approached with caution. We also suggest using combined 16S and ITS genotyping data to obtain better inter- and intra-species resolution in bradyrhizobia classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Joglekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - C P Mesa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - V A Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - S W Polson
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - K E Wommack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - J J Fuhrmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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Ruan H, Hu M, Chen J, Li X, Li T, Lai Y, Wang ET, Gu J. Detection of the type III secretion system and its phylogenetic and symbiotic characterization in peanut bradyrhizobia isolated from Guangdong Province, China. Syst Appl Microbiol 2018; 41:437-443. [PMID: 29759900 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of rhcRST and rhcJ-C1 fragments located in different loci of the type III secretion system (T3SS) gene cluster in the peanut-nodulating bradyrhizobia isolated from Guangdong Province, China was investigated by PCR-based sequencing. T3SS was detected in approximately one-third of the peanut bradyrhizobial strains and the T3SS-harboring strains belonging to different Bradyrhizobium genomic species. Diverse T3SS groups corresponding to different symbiotic gene types were defined among the 23 T3SS-harboring strains. The same or similar T3SS genes were detected in different genospecies, indicating that interspecies horizontal transfer of symbiotic genes had occurred in the Bradyrhizobium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqin Ruan
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongxiu Lai
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - En Tao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Jun Gu
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China.
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