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Salomon R, Ronchi R, Dönz J, Bello-Ruiz J, Herbelin B, Faivre N, Schaller K, Blanke O. Insula mediates heartbeat related effects on visual consciousness. Cortex 2018; 101:87-95. [PMID: 29459283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interoceptive signals, such as the heartbeat, are processed in a network of brain regions including the insular cortex. Recent studies have shown that such signals modulate perceptual and cognitive processing, and that they impact visual awareness. For example, visual stimuli presented synchronously to the heartbeat take longer to enter visual awareness than the same stimuli presented asynchronously to the heartbeat, and this is reflected in anterior insular activation. This finding demonstrated a link between the processing of interoceptive and exteroceptive signals as well as visual awareness in the insular cortex. The advantage for visual stimuli which are asynchronous to the heartbeat to enter visual consciousness may indicate a role for the anterior insula in the suppression of the sensory consequences of cardiac signals. Here, we present data from the detailed investigation of two patients with insular lesions (as well as four patients with non-insular lesions and healthy age matched controls) indicating that a lesion of the anterior insular cortex, but not of other regions, abolished this cardio-visual suppression effect. The present data provide causal evidence for the role of the anterior insula in the integration of internal interoceptive and external sensory signals for visual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Salomon
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Roberta Ronchi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Dönz
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Javier Bello-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Herbelin
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Faivre
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Centre d'Economie de La Sorbonne, CNRS UMR, Paris, France
| | - Karl Schaller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Neurosurgery Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Neurosurgery Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Cogné M, Taillade M, N'Kaoua B, Tarruella A, Klinger E, Larrue F, Sauzéon H, Joseph PA, Sorita E. The contribution of virtual reality to the diagnosis of spatial navigation disorders and to the study of the role of navigational aids: A systematic literature review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 60:164-176. [PMID: 27017533 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spatial navigation, which involves higher cognitive functions, is frequently implemented in daily activities, and is critical to the participation of human beings in mainstream environments. Virtual reality is an expanding tool, which enables on one hand the assessment of the cognitive functions involved in spatial navigation, and on the other the rehabilitation of patients with spatial navigation difficulties. Topographical disorientation is a frequent deficit among patients suffering from neurological diseases. The use of virtual environments enables the information incorporated into the virtual environment to be manipulated empirically. But the impact of manipulations seems differ according to their nature (quantity, occurrence, and characteristics of the stimuli) and the target population. METHODS We performed a systematic review of research on virtual spatial navigation covering the period from 2005 to 2015. We focused first on the contribution of virtual spatial navigation for patients with brain injury or schizophrenia, or in the context of ageing and dementia, and then on the impact of visual or auditory stimuli on virtual spatial navigation. RESULTS On the basis of 6521 abstracts identified in 2 databases (Pubmed and Scopus) with the keywords « navigation » and « virtual », 1103 abstracts were selected by adding the keywords "ageing", "dementia", "brain injury", "stroke", "schizophrenia", "aid", "help", "stimulus" and "cue"; Among these, 63 articles were included in the present qualitative analysis. CONCLUSION Unlike pencil-and-paper tests, virtual reality is useful to assess large-scale navigation strategies in patients with brain injury or schizophrenia, or in the context of ageing and dementia. Better knowledge about both the impact of the different aids and the cognitive processes involved is essential for the use of aids in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cogné
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, centre hospitalier universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - M Taillade
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - B N'Kaoua
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Institut national de recherche en informatique et automatique (INRIA), 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - A Tarruella
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Institut de formation en ergothérapie, centre hospitalier universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - E Klinger
- Laboratoire interactions numériques santé handicap, ESIEA, 53000 Laval, France
| | - F Larrue
- Laboratoire Bordelais de recherche en informatique (LaBRI), université de Bordeaux, 33045 Bordeaux, France
| | - H Sauzéon
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Institut national de recherche en informatique et automatique (INRIA), 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - P-A Joseph
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Service de médecine physique et de réadaptation, centre hospitalier universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - E Sorita
- EA4136 handicap et système nerveux, université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Institut de formation en ergothérapie, centre hospitalier universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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