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Zelalem A, Koran T, Abegaz K, Abera Z, Mummed B, Olani A, Aliy A, Chimdessa M, Fentahun S, Schwan CL, Vipham JL. Hygienic status of beef butcher shop facilities and antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella enterica in Ethiopia. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01312-2. [PMID: 38592593 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of meat is influenced by the conditions of hygiene prevailing during production and handling. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of Salmonella enterica and its antimicrobial resistance, load of hygiene indicator bacteria including E. coli (ECC), coliforms (CC), total coliform (TCC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB) and aerobic plate count (APC), and meat handler's food safety knowledge and hygiene practices in butcher shops in two cities, Addis Ababa and Hawassa in Ethiopia, during 2020 and 2021. A total of 360 samples of beef carcasses (n = 120), knives (n = 60), chopping boards (n = 60), weighing balance (n = 60), and personnel's hands (n = 60) were randomly collected for microbial analysis. Besides, 120 participants were selected to participate in a food safety knowledge and hygiene practices assessment. The S. enterica isolates were identified by agglutination test followed by qPCR targeting invA gene. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. enterica were determined using disk diffusion assays as described in CLSI. The ECC, CC, TCC, EB, and APC populations were quantified by plating onto petrifilm plates. A structured questionnaire was used to determine food safety knowledge and hygiene practices of participants. Overall prevalence of S. enterica was 16.7% (95% CI, 8.3-26.7) and location seems to have no effect (p = 0.806). Only 20% of the S. enterica were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. However, the majority (80%) of S. enterica isolates were susceptible to the panel of 11 antimicrobials tested. The overall mean ± SD (log CFU/cm2) of ECC, CC, TCC, EB, and APC were 4.31 ± 1.15; 4.61 ± 1.33; 4.77 ± 1.32; 4.59 ± 1.38 and 5.87 ± 1.52, respectively. No significant difference (p = 0.123) in E. coli contamination was observed between samples of beef carcasses and chopping boards. The EB contamination showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among sample sources. The APC contamination levels on beef carcass were significantly higher (p > 0.05) than other sample sources. A total of 56% (95% CI: 46.7 - 65.0) of the participants had poor knowledge and 65% (95% CI: 56.7 - 73.3) had poor hygiene practices towards food safety. This study highlighted the poor hygiene status of butcher facilities with a potential risk of beef safety. Thus, appropriate food safety control strategies and inspection is needed at retail establishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andarge Zelalem
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Kebede Abegaz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Abera
- Univeristy Laboratory Management Directorate, Central Laboratories, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Bahar Mummed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abde Aliy
- Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Chimdessa
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Fentahun
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Carla L Schwan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jessie L Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Ruiz MJ, Padola NL, Leotta G, Colello R, Passucci J, Rodríguez E, Fernández Fellenz D, Krüger A, Sanz M, Elichiribehety E, Etcheverría AI. [Microbiological quality of fresh ground beef and detection of pathogens in environmental samples taken from butcher shops in the city of Tandil, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 54:215-219. [PMID: 34556377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of butcher shops in Tandil, Buenos Aires Province, by estimating the risk based on good manufacturing and hygiene practices, through surveys of the establishments. The analysis was performed using a scale of 1-100, and classifying them as high risk (0-40), moderate risk (41-70) or low risk (71-100). The presence of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from both, ground beef and environmental samples such as countertop, cleaver, mincer and butcher's hands, taken at butcher shops was also evaluated. Sampling was performed only once and immediately refrigerated and transported to the laboratory for analysis. All butcher shops evaluated (100) were classified as "low risk" with good hygienic-sanitary conditions. However, 75% of the ground beef samples analyzed did not meet at least one of the microbiological criteria established in the Código Alimentario Argentino [Argentine Food Code], article 255. We propose to establish a strategy to identify deviations and implement a plan for continuous improvement in butcher shops of Tandil city.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Nora Lia Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Gerardo Leotta
- IGEVET- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Rocío Colello
- IGEVET- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Passucci
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Rodríguez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Daniel Fernández Fellenz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Krüger
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Sanz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Elida Elichiribehety
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Analía Inés Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
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Abayneh M, Tesfaw G, Woldemichael K, Yohannis M, Abdissa A. Assessment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) - producing Escherichia coli from minced meat of cattle and swab samples and hygienic status of meat retailer shops in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:897. [PMID: 31660887 PMCID: PMC6819479 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of animals sources of food as a possible reservoir for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) - Producing E. coli, and the dissemination of such strains into the food production chain need to be assessed. This study was aimed to assess the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of ESBLs - producing E. coli isolates from minced meat and environmental swab samples at meat retailer shops of Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from March to June, 2016. A total of 168 minced meat and swab samples were first enriched by buffered peptone water (BPW) for overnight and streaked onto MacConkey agar. Double disk synergy (DDS) method was used for detection of ESBL-producing strains. A disk of amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (20/10 μg) was placed in the center of Mueller-Hinton agar plate, and cefotaxime (30 μg) and ceftazidime (30 μg) were placed at a distance of 20 mm from the central disk. Checklist was used to assess hygienic status of butcher shops and practices meat handlers. RESULTS A total of 35 (20.80%) biochemically confirmed E. coli were obtained from 168 samples. Of these, 21 (23.9%) of them were detected from 88 minced meat and the other 14 (17.5%) from 80 swab samples taken from butcher's hand, knives, chopping board and protective clothing. From 35 E. coli isolates, 7(20%) of them were confirmed as ESBL- producers. Among ESBL- producing strains, 85.7% were resistant for cefotaxime and ceftriaxone and 71.4% for ceftazidime. Among non-ESBLs-producing strains only seven isolates were resistant to third generation cephalosporin. All E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, penicillin and erythromycin, and susceptible to amikacin. Poor hygienic status of butcher shops and unhygienic practice of meat handlers were observed. CONCLUSION The detections of ESBLs- producing strains could be contributed for the increment of multi drug resistant isolates. This study also concluded that, unhygienic meat handling and processing practice can contribute for contaminations of meat. Thus, strategies should be planned and implemented to improve the knowledge and practice of butchers about handling and processing of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu Abayneh
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, PO Box 260, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Tesfaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Moti Yohannis
- Schools of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Alemseged Abdissa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Butcher shops are end points in the meat chain, and they can have a determinant role in cross-contamination control. This study aims to determine whether Portuguese butcher shops comply with European and Portuguese law regarding the sale of fresh meat and meat products. Butcher shops (n = 73) were assessed for meat handler and facility hygiene and for maintenance of the premises. Handlers (n = 88) were given a questionnaire composed of questions about knowledge and practice, including hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) and good practice in food industry, to assess their knowledge of and compliance with food safety practices. A checklist of 27 items was used to evaluate facility and meat handler hygiene and butcher shop maintenance. Our results revealed some lack of compliance in all the areas evaluated. The mean knowledge and practice score among the operators was 68.0%, and the mean "visual inspection" score for the butcher shops was 64.0%. Severe deficiencies were observed in the mandatory implementation of HACCP principles in this type of small food business. These findings indicate a need to modify training to enhance compliance with European food safety regulations at this step of the meat chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santos
- 1 Pathology and Molecular Genetics Ph.D. Programme, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2932-7261 [A.S.]).,2 Vetdiagnos, Diagnóstico Veterinário Limitada, Cantanhede, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 4A, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fonseca Cardoso
- 3 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,4 Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M Correia da Costa
- 5 Department of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal, Rua Alexandre Herculano no. 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; and.,6 Centre for the Study of Animal Science (ICETA), University of Porto, Rua D Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Gomes-Neves
- 3 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,6 Centre for the Study of Animal Science (ICETA), University of Porto, Rua D Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
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Beyi AF, Fite AT, Tora E, Tafese A, Genu T, Kaba T, Beyene TJ, Beyene T, Korsa MG, Tadesse F, De Zutter L, Goddeeris BM, Cox E. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157 in beef at butcher shops and restaurants in central Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:49. [PMID: 28253847 PMCID: PMC5335850 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopia bears the largest burden of foodborne diseases in Africa, and diarrheal diseases are the second leading causes of premature deaths. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 causes an asymptomatic infection to severe diarrhea and/or hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. METHODS A total of 440 beef carcass and in-contact surface swabs from 55 butcher shops and 85 minced beef samples from 40 restaurants in central Ethiopia were collected and examined for the presence of E. coli O157. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify E. coli O157 and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. RESULTS E. coli O157 was detected in 4.5% carcass swabs (n = 5) and 3.6% cutting board swabs (n = 4) samples from butcher shops. E. coli O157 was not detected in any of the minced beef samples obtained from restaurants. All isolates (n = 9) were 100% susceptible to five drugs, but five isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, two isolates to streptomycin and three isolates to chloramphenicol. One isolate was resistant to two drugs and another to three drugs. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows a low prevalence of E. coli O157 in beef sold at butcher shops. Nevertheless, given the low infective dose of this pathogen and the deep-rooted tradition of consuming raw or undercooked beef, the current prevalence should not be considered lightly from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. .,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Akafete Teklu Fite
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tora
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Asdesach Tafese
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Genu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Kaba
- Holetta Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Jibat Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Takele Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mesula Geloye Korsa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.,The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fanos Tadesse
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium.,Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Ghent, Belgium
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Atnafie B, Paulos D, Abera M, Tefera G, Hailu D, Kasaye S, Amenu K. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle feces and contamination of carcass and various contact surfaces in abattoir and butcher shops of Hawassa, Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:24. [PMID: 28122502 PMCID: PMC5264334 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite of the sanitation measures in municipal abattoirs to reduce contamination, Escherichia coli continues to be a health hazard. The present study was conducted on 150 apparently healthy slaughtered cattle at municipal abattoir and in 50 different butcher shops in Hawassa town, Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were investigating the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from fecal samples, carcasses swab, contacts surfaces (swabs of meat handlers hands, knife and clothes of meat transporters) as well as from butcher shops (meat samples, swabs from cutting board swab, butcher men hand and knife surface). E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified using bacteriological culture, biochemical tests and Biolog identification system. All E. coli O157:H7 isolates were then checked for their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern using eleven selected antimicrobial discs. Results Of the entire set of 630 samples, 2.4% (15/630) (95% CI = 1.3–3.9%) were positive for E. coli O157:H7. When disaggregated by the sources of the samples, E. coli O157:H7 were prevalent in 2.8% (11 of 390) of the abattoir samples, of which 4.7% of the fecal sample and 2.7% of the carcass swabs. And E. coli O157:H7 were positive in 1.7% (4 of 240) of butcher shop specimens of which 2% of meat sample and 3.3% of Cutting board swabs. No statistically significant difference in the prevalence of E. coli 0157: H7 between sex, origin, and breed of cattle. The isolated E. coli O157:H7 were found to be100% susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamycin, kanamycin and nalidixic acid. Conclusion This study concludes the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 and the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance profiles in cattle slaughtered at Hawassa municipal abattoir and retail meat sold at butcher shops. This indicates high risk to public health especially in Ethiopia where many people consume raw or under cooked meat. Regulatory control of antibiotics usage in livestock production and pharmaco-epidemiological surveillance in food animals and animal products is hereby recommended to ensure consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruhtesfa Atnafie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Degmawi Paulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesele Abera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Genene Tefera
- Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Hailu
- Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Surafel Kasaye
- Present Address: Department of Animal Science, Salale University, P.O. Box 254, Fiche, Ethiopia.
| | - Kebede Amenu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia.,Present Address: College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Garedew L, Hagos Z, Zegeye B, Addis Z. The detection and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Shigella isolates from meat and swab samples at butchers' shops in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. J Infect Public Health 2015; 9:348-55. [PMID: 26631435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food borne pathogens are major causes of deaths, illnesses and billions of dollars of expenses. The burden of food borne illness is worsened by the ever increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance microbes. Shigella, a bacterial pathogen associated with food, is reported to account for higher prevalence rates of food borne illness in different settings. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 10 to June 30, 2013, at the butcher houses of Gondar town in the Northwest of Ethiopia to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella. Cattle raw meat and swab samples from selected critical control points, including knives, chopping boards, and the hands and noses of butchers, were collected and analyzed. The identification of Shigella was carried out using colony characteristics, the Gram reaction, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The overall hygienic status of the butcher shops was also assessed using a checklist. An observational analysis revealed that the sanitary condition of the butcher shops and their premises was poor. Of 306 samples screened, 10.5% were positive for Shigella. Approximately 7.4% of meat samples and 10.2% of swab samples were contaminated with Shigella. Out of the total Shigella isolates, 90.6%, 46.9%, 18.8% and 9.4% were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone and tetracycline, respectively. A multidrug resistance pattern was recorded in 27.8% of the isolates. In conclusion, the safety of meat sold at Gondar butchers houses was poor. The identified Shigella isolates showed high levels of drug resistance and multidrug resistance patterns for commonly used antimicrobials in veterinary and human medicine. Practicing wise use of antimicrobials and strict sanitary interventions at different critical control points is strongly recommended, in addition to further in-depth studies to prevent unprecedented consequences from shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legesse Garedew
- St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Department of Microbiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Zenabu Hagos
- University of Gondar, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Bidir Zegeye
- University of Gondar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Zelalem Addis
- University of Gondar, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Garedew L, Hagos Z, Addis Z, Tesfaye R, Zegeye B. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates in association with hygienic status from butcher shops in Gondar town, Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015; 4:21. [PMID: 26113974 PMCID: PMC4480883 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-015-0062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella has been recognized as a major cause of food borne illness associated with meat products worldwide. The wide spread of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has been a serious global human and animal health problem. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates from butcher shops of Gondar town, Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2013 in Gondar town. After receiving written consent from the study participants, raw meat and swab samples from butcher shops' utensils and meat handlers were collected and tested using standard bacteriological methods. The isolates were identified using colony characteristics, Gram-reaction, biochemical reaction and sugar tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Check list was used to record general hygienic conditions and practices in the butcher shops. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. RESULTS Butcher shop premises and utensils sanitation and personnel's hygiene were poor. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 17.3 %. Salmonella was detected in 32 (35.6 %) meat samples, 13 (23.2 %) hand swabs, 5 (9.1 %) knife swabs, and 3 (5.6 %) chopping board surface swabs. Of the total 53 Salmonella isolates subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test, 47 (88.7 %), 35 (62.3 %), 19 (35.8 %), 17 (32.1 %) and 16 (30.2 %) of them exhibited resistance to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Nitrofuranthoin, Tetracycline, and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprime, respectively. Furthermore; 15 (28.3 %) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant from which highest isolation was recorded from meat samples and 40 (75.5 %) isolates of Salmonella showed resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents tested. Interestingly, all of the isolates were susceptible to Gentamycin and Ceftriaxone. CONCLUSION The general sanitary condition of the butcher shops and utensils used and personnel hygiene were not to the recommended standards. Contamination of meat, knives, and meat handlers hand with Salmonella was found high. Furthermore; multidrug-resistant Salmonella is circulating in the butchers' shop which is strong enough to warrant the revision of butcher shops sanitation policy and treatment regimen for infections implicated by Salmonella in the study area. Further in-depth study including serotyping and antimicrobial resistant gene identification is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legesse Garedew
- />Department of Microbiology, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zenabu Hagos
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Addis
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Reta Tesfaye
- />School of Biomedical and laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bidir Zegeye
- />School of Biomedical and laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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