NR2F1 database: 112 variants and 84 patients support refining the clinical synopsis of Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome

Pathogenic variants of the nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 1 gene (NR2F1) are responsible for Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome (BBSOAS), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by optic atrophy associated with developmental delay and intellectual disability, but with a clinical presentation which appears to be multifaceted. We created the first public locus-specific database dedicated to NR2F1. All variants and clinical cases reported in the literature, as well as new unpublished cases, were integrated into the database using standard nomenclature to describe both molecular and phenotypic anomalies. We subsequently pursued a comprehensive approach based on computed representation and analysis suggesting a refinement of the BBSOAS clinical description with respect to neurological features and the inclusion of additional signs of hypotonia and feeding difficulties. This database is fully accessible for both clinician and molecular biologists and should prove useful in further refining the clinical synopsis of NR2F1 as new data is recorded.

The Influence of Thyroid Hormone on Ca2+ Signaling Pathways during Embryonal Development

Thyroid hormones influence brain development through regulation of gene expression. Ca²⁺-dependent gene expression is a major pathway controlled by the Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) which in turn is induced by the thyroid hormone T3 as also demonstrated in a mouse embryonic stem cell line. In addition, T3 is controlling the expression of neurexin, synaptotagmin2 (SYT2), synaptotagmin-related gene1 (SRG1) and a number of other genes, involved in neurotransmitter release in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. It has been noticed that the development of dopaminergic neurons by evoking significant calcium entry occurs through TRPC calcium channels. It also was demonstrated that the T3-mediated development of an early neuronal network is characteristic for depolarizing GABAergic neurons concomitant with intracellular calcium transients. An important aspect of T3-dependent regulation of gene expression in the developing brain is its modulation by the transcription activator COUP-TF1. Regulation of alternative splicing by CaMKIV is another important aspect for embryonal neural development since it can lead to the expression of PMCA1a, the neuronal specific isoform of the plasma membrane calcium pump. Maternal hypothyroidism or CaMKIV deficiency can have a severe influence on fetal brain development.

COUP-TF1 Modulates Thyroid Hormone Action in an Embryonic Stem-Cell Model of Cortical Pyramidal Neuronal Differentiation

BACKGROUND

Thyroid hormone is critical for normal brain development and acts in a spatial and temporal specific pattern. Thyroid hormone excess, or deficiency, can lead to irreversible impairment of brain and sensory development. Chicken ovalbumin upstream-transcription factor 1 (COUP-TF1), expressed early in neuronal development, is essential to achieve normal brain structure. Thyroid hormone stimulation of gene expression is inversely correlated with the level of COUP-TF1 expression.

METHODS

An in vitro method of differentiating mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells into cortical neurons was utilized to study the influence of COUP-TF1 on thyroid hormone signaling in brain development. mES cells were cultured and differentiated in specific conditioned media, and a high percentage of nestin-positive progenitor neurons in the first stage, and cortical neurons in the second stage, was obtained with characteristic neuronal firing.

RESULTS

The number of nestin-positive progenitors, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, was significantly greater with triiodothyronine (T3) treatment compared to control (p < 0.05). T3 enhanced the expression of cortical neuron marker (Tbr1 and Rc3) mRNAs. After COUP-TF1 knockdown, the number of nestin-positive progenitors was reduced compared to control (p < 0.05), but the number increased with T3 treatment. The mRNA of cortical neuronal gene markers was measured after COUP-TF1 knockdown. In the presence of T3, the peak expression of neuron markers Emx1, Tbr1, Camkiv, and Rc3 mRNA was earlier, at day 18 of differentiation, compared to control cells, at day 22. Furthermore, after COUP-TF1 knockdown, T3 induction of Rc3 and Tbr1 mRNA was significantly enhanced compared to cells expressing COUP-TF1.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that COUP-TF1 plays an important role in modulating the timing and magnitude of T3-stimulated gene expression required for normal corticogenesis.