coli (CTX-M gene) in a late-preterm neonate: case report and literature review

Neonatal sepsis is a systemic condition characterized by haemodynamic changes and other clinical manifestations due to a presence of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, or fungi) in nor- mally sterile fluid that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Neonatal sepsis may be divided into two types: early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) and late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS). Gram-posi- tive microorganisms are the etiological agents in 62% of EOS, and in 43% of the total the identified microorganism is GBS. Gram-negative microorganisms comprise 37% of the etiological agents of EOS, of which 29% are caused by Escherichia coli. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae represent a major worldwide threat among drug-resistant bacteria in both hospital and community settings. ESBLs are often located on large plasmids that also harbour genes resistant to other antimicrobial classes, resulting in multidrug-resistant isolates. Plasmid-encoded ESBLs of the CTX-M-type are increasingly reported worldwide in Gram-negative rods and now account for most of the ESBLs found in Enterobacteriaceae. We present one case of EOS by Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) and ESBL producing E. coli (CTX-M gene) in a neonate born to a mother recently immigrated from Africa. Maternal blood culture grew the same bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples of piglets and pig farm workers of selected organized farms of India

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are gradually increasing worldwide and carry a serious public threat. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from fecal samples of piglets and pig farm workers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fecal samples from <3-month-old piglets (n=156) and farm workers (n=21) were processed for the isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli in MacConkey agar added with 1 µg/mL of cefotaxime. E. coli (piglets=124; farm workers=21) were tested for ESBL production by combined disk method and ESBL E-strip test. Each of the ESBL-positive isolate was subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. The ESBL-producing E. coli were further processed for genotypic confirmation to CTX-M gene.

RESULTS

A total of 55 (44.4%, 55/124) and nine (42.9%, 9/21) ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from piglets and farm workers, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the ESBL-positive E. coli isolates from piglets and farm workers showed 100% resistance to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, and cefpodoxime. A proportion of 100% (55/55) and 88.9% (8/9) ESBL-positive E. coli were multidrug resistance (MDR) in piglets and farm workers, respectively. On genotypic screening of the ESBL E. coli isolated from piglets (n=55), 15 were positive for the bla CTX-M gene and of the nine ESBL E. coli from farm workers, none were positive for the bla CTX-M gene.

CONCLUSION

Although there was no significant difference in isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli between piglets and farm workers, the ESBL-positive E. coli from piglets showed relatively higher MDR than farm workers.

Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-borne blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among clinical strains of Escherichia coli isolated from patients in the north of Iran

Escherichia coli is an important cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance leads to treatment failure of hospital infections caused by E. coli. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance in these bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of bla_TEM and bla_CTX-M genes in ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients admitted to six hospitals in the north of Iran. A total of 160 E. coli strains were isolated from various clinical samples of hospitalised patients. Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The double-disk phenotypic confirmatory test was carried out amongst β-lactam-resistant isolates to detect ESBL-producing strains. Plasmid DNA of ESBL-producing strains was extracted and subjected to PCR for detection of the bla_TEM and bla_CTX-M genes, and isolates were extensively verified by sequencing. The highest resistance rate was to amoxicillin; all E. coli isolates (100%) were susceptible to imipenem. Amongst the 160 clinical E. coli isolates, 83 (51.9%) were ESBL-positive, of which 27 (32.5%) and 72 (86.7%) were positive for bla_TEM and bla_CTX-M, respectively. This study is the first report of an ESBL phenotype disseminated in hospitals in the north of Iran. These findings showed that there was a direct relationship between the development of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and production of TEM and CTX-M enzymes.