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Alterio V, Langella E, Buonanno M, Esposito D, Nocentini A, Berrino E, Bua S, Polentarutti M, Supuran CT, Monti SM, De Simone G. Zeta-carbonic anhydrases show CS 2 hydrolase activity: A new metabolic carbon acquisition pathway in diatoms? Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3427-3436. [PMID: 34194668 PMCID: PMC8217695 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CDCA1 is a carbonic anhydrase that can utilize Zn(II) or Cd(II) as catalytic metal. CDCA1 has been the first enzyme to show an efficient utilization of Cd(II) ions in Nature. By using a multidisciplinary approach, we discovered that CS2 is a substrate for this enzyme. CDCA1 is the unique enzyme, known so far, able to use both CS2 and CO2 as substrates.
CDCA1 is a very peculiar member of the Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) family. It has been the first enzyme to show an efficient utilization of Cd(II) ions in Nature and a unique adaptation capability to live on the surface ocean. Indeed, in this environment, which is extremely depleted in essential metal ions, CDCA1 can utilize Zn(II) or Cd(II) as catalytic metal to support the metabolic needs of fast growing diatoms. In this paper we demonstrate a further catalytic versatility of this enzyme by using a combination of X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations and enzymatic experiments. First we identified the CO2 binding site and the way in which this substrate travels from the environment to the enzyme active site. Then, starting from the observation of a structural similarity with the substrate entry route of CS2 hydrolase from Acidanius A1-3, we hypothesized and demonstrated that also CS2 is a substrate for CDCA1. This finding is new and unexpected since until now only few CS2 hydrolases have been characterized, and none of them is reported to have any CO2 hydratase action. The physiological implications of this supplementary catalytic activity still remain to be unveiled. We suggest here that it could represent another ability of diatoms expressing CDCA1 to adapt to the external environment. Indeed, the ability of this enzyme to convert CS2 could represent an alternative source of carbon acquisition for diatoms, in addition to CO2.
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Key Words
- AAZ, Acetazolamide
- CA, Carbonic Anhydrase
- CAI, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
- CCD, Charge Coupled Device
- CDCA1, Cadmium-specific Carbonic Anhydrase
- CO2
- CS2
- CS2H, S. solfataricus CS2 hydrolase
- Cambialistic enzyme
- Carbonic Anhydrase
- DMSO, Dimethyl Sulfoxide
- FbiCA, Flaveria bidentis Carbonic Anhydrase
- HEPES, 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid
- IPTG, Isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- MD, Molecular Dynamics
- Molecular dynamics
- NCS, Non-Crystallographic Symmetry
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- SDS-PAGE, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate - PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
- Tris-HCl, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride
- bCA, bovine Carbonic Anhydrase
- hCA, human Carbonic Anhydrase
- psCA3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Carbonic Anhydrase 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alterio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emma Langella
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Davide Esposito
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Berrino
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Bua
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Polentarutti
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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