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Shaashua L, Eckerling A, Israeli B, Yanovich G, Rosenne E, Fichman-Horn S, Ben Zvi I, Sorski L, Haldar R, Satchi-Fainaro R, Geiger T, Sloan EK, Ben-Eliyahu S. Spontaneous regression of micro-metastases following primary tumor excision: a critical role for primary tumor secretome. BMC Biol 2020; 18:163. [PMID: 33158447 PMCID: PMC7646068 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous case studies have reported spontaneous regression of recognized metastases following primary tumor excision, but underlying mechanisms are elusive. Here, we present a model of regression and latency of metastases following primary tumor excision and identify potential underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Using MDA-MB-231HM human breast cancer cells that express highly sensitive luciferase, we monitored early development stages of spontaneous metastases in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Removal of the primary tumor caused marked regression of micro-metastases, but not of larger metastases, and in vivo supplementation of tumor secretome diminished this regression, suggesting that primary tumor-secreted factors promote early metastatic growth. Correspondingly, MDA-MB-231HM-conditioned medium increased in vitro tumor proliferation and adhesion and reduced apoptosis. To identify specific mediating factors, cytokine array and proteomic analysis of MDA-MB-231HM secretome were conducted. The results identified significant enrichment of angiogenesis, growth factor binding and activity, focal adhesion, and metalloprotease and apoptosis regulation processes. Neutralization of MDA-MB-231HM-secreted key mediators of these processes, IL-8, PDGF-AA, Serpin E1 (PAI-1), and MIF, each antagonized secretome-induced proliferation. Moreover, their in vivo simultaneous blockade in the presence of the primary tumor arrested the development of micro-metastases. Interestingly, in the METABRIC cohort of breast cancer patients, elevated expression of Serpin E1, IL-8, or the four factors combined predicted poor survival. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate regression and latency of micro-metastases following primary tumor excision and a crucial role for primary tumor secretome in promoting early metastatic growth in MDA-MB-231HM xenografts. If generalized, such findings can suggest novel approaches to control micro-metastases and minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Shaashua
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anabel Eckerling
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Boaz Israeli
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gali Yanovich
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ella Rosenne
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Suzana Fichman-Horn
- Pathology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ido Ben Zvi
- Neurosurgery Department, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Liat Sorski
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rita Haldar
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Schaaij-Visser TBM, de Wit M, Lam SW, Jiménez CR. The cancer secretome, current status and opportunities in the lung, breast and colorectal cancer context. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1834:2242-58. [PMID: 23376433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite major improvements on the knowledge and clinical management, cancer is still a deadly disease. Novel biomarkers for better cancer detection, diagnosis and treatment prediction are urgently needed. Proteins secreted, shed or leaking from the cancer cell, collectively termed the cancer secretome, are promising biomarkers since they might be detectable in blood or other biofluids. Furthermore, the cancer secretome in part represents the tumor microenvironment that plays a key role in tumor promoting processes such as angiogenesis and invasion. The cancer secretome, sampled as conditioned medium from cell lines, tumor/tissue interstitial fluid or tumor proximal body fluids, can be studied comprehensively by nanoLC-MS/MS-based approaches. Here, we outline the importance of current cancer secretome research and describe the mass spectrometry-based analysis of the secretome. Further, we provide an overview of cancer secretome research with a focus on the three most common cancer types: lung, breast and colorectal cancer. We conclude that the cancer secretome research field is a young, but rapidly evolving research field. Up to now, the focus has mainly been on the discovery of novel promising secreted cancer biomarker proteins. An interesting finding that merits attention is that in cancer unconventional secretion, e.g. via vesicles, seems increased. Refinement of current approaches and methods and progress in clinical validation of the current findings are vital in order to move towards applications in cancer management. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieneke B M Schaaij-Visser
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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