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Garcia Ribeiro M, da Silva CPC, Pchevuzinske LM, Portilho FVR, Siqueira AK, Takahira RK, Paschoal NR, de Souza AAL, Rodrigues CA, de Almeida BO, Bello TS, Filho MFÁ, de Lima Paz PJ, Dutra V, Nakazato L, Pereira NA, de Aguiar DM. Pleural effusion-related Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis coinfection in a dog. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2497-2504. [PMID: 37351788 PMCID: PMC10484848 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The coinfections by some microorganisms have been related to severe diseases in humans and animals, where immunosuppressive agents favor opportunistic behavior of other pathogens. A 4-month-old, female mixed-breed dog with a two-week history of inappetence, prostration, emaciation, and respiratory distress was admitted at a veterinary hospital in Brazil. Tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, severe respiratory distress, and a large number of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l.) in different body regions were observed at clinical examination. Hematological examination of dog showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, mild anemia, and thrombocytopenia, whereas unremarkable values in biochemical tests. Thoracic radiography revealed a pleural effusion image. Blood and the pleural fluid (purulent aspect) samples were subjected to qPCR (16S rRNA and dsb genes) and sequencing, which identified Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys coinfection. An aggregate of coccoid-to-branching or long filamentous microorganisms, surrounded by pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction was seen at the cytology of the pleural fluid. Bacteriological culture of pleural effusion showed colonies compatible with the genus Nocardia, which revealed gram-positive filamentous organisms with a tendency of fragmentation and were identified as Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Therapy of N. otitidiscaviarum isolate using levofloxacin (supported by a previous in vitro susceptibility testing) and doxycycline for E. canis and A. platys resulted in complete resolution of the clinical picture. Here, we report for the first time a triple coinfection by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, A. platys, and E. canis in a dog with pleural effusion, where debilitating or immunosuppressive conditions induced by A. platys and E. canis coinfection probably contributed to the opportunistic behavior of N. otitidiscaviarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Marry Pchevuzinske
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Regina Kiomi Takahira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Natália Rodrigues Paschoal
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Thaís Spessotto Bello
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fagali Árabe Filho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Patrik Júnior de Lima Paz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT Brazil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT Brazil
| | - Nathalia Assis Pereira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT Brazil
| | - Daniel Moura de Aguiar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT Brazil
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Seo MG, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of canine tick-borne pathogens from Korea. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101357. [PMID: 31839473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ticks transmit more pathogens than any other arthropod vector and are of paramount veterinary and zoonotic significance. Domestic dogs are an important reservoir of zoonotic agents, particularly because of their close contact with humans. Previous studies in Korea have examined canine tick-borne pathogens (CTBP) by ELISA and real-time PCR methods. However, phylogenetic information on CTBP in Korea is lacking. This study assessed the prevalence, risk factors, and co-infectivity of CTBP such as piroplasms, rickettsiae, Coxiella burnetii, hepatozoa, hemotropic mycoplasmas, and Borrelia spp., using PCR and phylogenetic analyses. Of the 510 dogs tested, three CTBP, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum 16S rRNA (13; 2.6 %), Hepatozoon canis 18S rRNA (2; 0.4 %), and Mycoplasma haemocanis 16S rRNA (1; 0.2 %) were detected. PCR adapted to amplify A. phagocytophilum msp2 and groEL genes generated amplicons thereof in two out of 13 positive dogs. One shelter dog was co-infected with A. phagocytophilum and M. haemocanis. However, Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., C. burnetii, Borrelia spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. pathogens were not detected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to undertake a phylogenetic analysis of H. canis and M. haemocanis in dogs reared in Korea. Although previous studies have improved our understanding of evolutionary behaviors and host-pathogen relations of CTBP, additional investigations are required to pin down vectors and reservoirs of CTBP in Korea. A surveillance system for arthropod vectors and CTBP in dogs should be established to monitor pathogen distribution and mitigate pathogen spread proactively, such as with ectoparasite medications in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Goo Seo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Junggu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Galay RL, Manalo AAL, Dolores SLD, Aguilar IPM, Sandalo KAC, Cruz KB, Divina BP, Andoh M, Masatani T, Tanaka T. Molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in canine population and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks from southern Metro Manila and Laguna, Philippines. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:643. [PMID: 30558678 PMCID: PMC6296069 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tropical climate of the Philippines and the high population of dogs, particularly in cities, favors the life-cycle of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato), a vector of several canine tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) including zoonotic Rickettsia spp. Suspected cases of infections are commonly encountered in veterinary clinics, but the specific TBPs are rarely identified. Furthermore, infection with Rickettsia is not being clinically examined in dogs. In this study, the occurrence of TBPs in blood and ticks collected from household and impounded dogs in highly populated areas of the Philippines, Metro Manila, and the nearby province of Laguna, was examined. Results A total of 248 blood samples and 157 tick samples were subjected to PCR. First, samples were screened using primers for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. and Babesia/Hepatozoon spp. Those that turned positive were further subjected to species-specific PCR. Rickettsia spp. were also detected through a nested PCR. Of the 248 blood samples, 56 (22.6%) were positive for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., while 19 (7.6%) were positive for Babesia/Hepatozoon spp. Species-specific PCR revealed that 61 (23.4%) had a single TBP, with Ehrlichia canis being detected in 39 (15.7%) dogs, while 14 (5.6%) dogs were positive for different combinations of two to four TBPs. Rickettsia infection was detected in 6 (2.4%) dogs. In tick samples, 8 (3.2%) were positive for Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp., while only 1 (0.63%) was positive for Babesia/Hepatozoon spp. As in the blood samples, E. canis was the most detected, being found in 5 (2%) samples. No tick samples tested positive for Rickettsia spp. Conclusion Ehrlichia canis is the most common TBP affecting dogs in the Philippines. Co-infection with TBPs is quite common, hence testing for multiple TBPs is necessary. Through nested PCR, Rickettsia infection was detected in dogs, and to the authors’ knowledge, this study provides the first molecular evidence of Rickettsia infection in dogs in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remil L Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Anna Angelica L Manalo
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Sidney Lyndon D Dolores
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Irene Pearl M Aguilar
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Kristina Andrea C Sandalo
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Kathlyn B Cruz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cagayan State University, Carig, 3500, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
| | - Billy P Divina
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Masako Andoh
- Laboratory of Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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Attipa C, Hicks CAE, Barker EN, Christodoulou V, Neofytou K, Mylonakis ME, Siarkou VI, Vingopoulou EI, Soutter F, Chochlakis D, Psaroulaki A, Papasouliotis K, Tasker S. Canine tick-borne pathogens in Cyprus and a unique canine case of multiple co-infections. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:341-6. [PMID: 28089651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine tick-borne pathogens such as Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis are widespread in the Mediterranean basin but have never been reported or investigated in Cyprus. We describe herein the presence of canine tick-borne pathogens in three dogs with clinical signs compatible with vector-borne diseases from Paphos area of Cyprus. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of E. canis, Anaplasma platys, H. canis, Babesia vogeli and Mycoplasma haemocanis in Cyprus. One dog co-infected with E. canis, H. canis, B. vogeli and M. haemocanis is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of this multiple co-infection in dogs. The tick-borne pathogens reported in the current study should be considered in the differential diagnoses in dogs exposed to ticks in Cyprus.
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