1
|
Madhukar G, Subbarao N. Potential inhibitors of RPS6KB2 and NRF2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1875-1900. [PMID: 37160694 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2205946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the major altered pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, AKT/mTORC1/S6K and NRF2/KEAP1 pathway are quite significant. The overexpression and overstimulation of proteins from both these pathways makes them the promising candidates in cancer therapeutics. Inhibiting mTOR has been in research from past several decades but the tumour heterogeneity, and upregulation of several compensatory feed-back mechanisms, encourages to explore other downstream targets for inhibiting the pathway. One such downstream effectors of mTOR is S6K2. It is reported to be overexpressed in cancers such as head and neck cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. In case of NRF2/KEAP1 pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2 or NRF2) is overexpressed in ∼90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases. It associates with poor survival rate and therapeutic resistance in HNSCC treatment. NRF2 pathway is the primary antioxidant pathway in the cell which also serves pro-tumorigenic functions, such as repression of apoptosis, cell proliferation support and chemoresistance. The aim of this work was to explore S6K2 and NRF2 and identify novel and potential inhibitors against them for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Since the crystal structure of S6K2 was not available at the time of this study, we modelled its structure using homology modelling and performed high throughput screening, molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations and protein-ligand interaction studies to identify the inhibitors. We identified natural compounds Crocin and Gypenoside XVII against S6K2 and Chebulinic acid and Sennoside A against NRF2. This study provides a significant in-depth understanding of the two studied pathways and therefore can be used in the development of potential therapeutics against HNSCC.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geet Madhukar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Waseem M, Das S, Mondal D, Jain M, Thakur JK, Subbarao N. Identification of novel inhibitors against Med15a KIX domain of Candida glabrata. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126720. [PMID: 37678676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Candida glabrata, the second most common cause of invasive fungal infections, exhibits multi-drug resistance to commonly used antifungal drugs. To counter this resistance, there is a critical need for novel antifungals. This study identifies small molecule inhibitors that target a three-helix bundle KIX domain in the Med15a Mediator subunit of Candida glabrata (CgMed15a KIX). This domain plays a crucial role by interacting with the Pleiotropic Drug Resistance transcription factor Pdr1, a key regulator of the multidrug resistance pathway in Candida glabrata. We performed high throughput computational screening of large chemical datasets against the binding sites of the CgMed15a KIX domain to identify novel inhibitors. We selected six potential candidates with high affinity and confirmed their binding with the CgMed15a KIX domain. A phytochemical compound, Chebulinic acid binds to the CgMed15a KIX domain with a KD value of 0.339 μM and shows significant inhibitory effects on the growth of Candida glabrata. Molecular dynamics simulation studies further revealed the structural stability of the CgMed15a KIX-Chebulinic acid complex. Thus, in conclusion, this study highlights Chebulinic acid as a novel potential antifungal compound against Candida glabrata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Waseem
- School of computational and integrative sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Debarati Mondal
- Plant Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Monika Jain
- Plant Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jitendra K Thakur
- Plant Mediator Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India; Plant Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of computational and integrative sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feng XH, Xu HY, Wang JY, Duan S, Wang YC, Ma CM. In vivo hepatoprotective activity and the underlying mechanism of chebulinic acid from Terminalia chebula fruit. Phytomedicine 2021; 83:153479. [PMID: 33561764 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. is one of the most widely used herbal drug in Traditional medicine prescriptions including those for liver diseases. In the screening of bioactive constituents that have potential hepatoprotective activity, chebulinic acid (CA) which is a major chemical constituent of T. chebula fruit showed potent activity. PURPOSE This work was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective activity and mechanisms of CA. METHODS The hepatoprotective effect of CA was examined on hepatotoxic models of cells, zebrafish larvae and mice caused by tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide (t-BHP), acetaminophen (APAP) and CCl4, respectively. RESULTS Pretreatment with CA could prevent t-BHP-induced damage in L-02 hepatocytes by blocking the production of ROS, reducing LDH levels and enhancing HO-1 and NQO1 expression via MAPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway. In animal experiments, CA significantly protected mice from CCl4-induced liver injury, as demonstrated by reduced ALT, AST and MDA levels, enhanced SOD activity, improved liver histopathological changes, and the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. CA metabolized to chebulic acid isomers with DPPH radical scavenging activity. In a transgenic zebrafish line with liver specific expression of DsRed RFP, CA diminished the hepatotoxicity induced by 10 mM APAP. CONCLUSION Experiments in cell and two animal models demonstrated consistent results and comprehensively expounded the hepatoprotective effects of CA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jian-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shen Duan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying-Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Chao-Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu K, Iwenofu OH, Mitra R, Mo X, Dasgupta PS, Basu S. Chebulinic acid is a safe and effective antiangiogenic agent in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:273. [PMID: 33225986 PMCID: PMC7682078 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis has been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), serious side effects, mainly grade 2–3 hypertension, which is commonly observed with currently available anti-VEGF agents, can be detrimental for RA patients due to hypertension and associated cardiovascular complications seen in these patients. Thus, identification of anti-VEGF molecules that do not increase blood pressure could be useful for the treatment of RA. Chebulinic acid (CI), a water-soluble small-molecule tannin, can inhibit the actions of VEGF, and a report suggested that CI might not increase blood pressure due to its compensatory effects on the cardiovascular system. Therefore, the effects of CI on blood pressure in mice and the progression of the disease in a murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model were investigated. Methods CIA was induced in DBA/1J mice with type II collagen. The effects of CI in these animals were then evaluated by determination of clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters. The effects of CI on VEGF-induced proangiogenic genes and signaling pathways were examined in vitro and in vivo. Results Significant CD31 and VEGF expressions were detected in the synovial tissues of mice with CIA, similar to their expressions observed in human RA patients. However, treatment with CI significantly inhibited paw swelling, decreased the mean articular index and joint pathology scores in these animals through inhibition of VEGF-induced proangiogenic gene expressions and signaling pathways that regulate angiogenesis. Unlike currently used antiangiogenic agents, CI at a dose that inhibits VEGF actions did not increase blood pressure in mice. Conclusion CI can act as a safe and potent anti-VEGF antiangiogenic agent for the treatment of types of inflammatory arthritis, such as RA. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-020-02370-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Hamilton Hall (H166), 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - O Hans Iwenofu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Hamilton Hall (H166), 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rita Mitra
- KPC Medical College, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Sujit Basu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Hamilton Hall (H166), 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yoon SY, Kang HJ, Ahn D, Hwang JY, Kwon SJ, Chung SJ. Identification of chebulinic acid as a dual targeting inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases relevant to insulin resistance. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103087. [PMID: 31284101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural products as antidiabetic agents have been shown to stimulate insulin signaling via the inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphatases relevant to insulin resistance. Previously, we have identified PTPN9 and DUSP9 as potential antidiabetic targets and a multi-targeting natural product thereof. In this study, knockdown of PTPN11 increased AMPK phosphorylation in differentiated C2C12 muscle cells by 3.8 fold, indicating that PTPN11 could be an antidiabetic target. Screening of a library of 658 natural products against PTPN9, DUSP9, or PTPN11 identified chebulinic acid (CA) as a strong allosteric inhibitor with a slow cooperative binding to PTPN9 (IC50 = 34 nM) and PTPN11 (IC50 = 37 nM), suggesting that it would be a potential antidiabetic candidate. Furthermore, CA stimulated glucose uptake and resulted in increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Taken together, we demonstrated that CA increased glucose uptake as a dual inhibitor of PTPN9 and PTPN11 through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. These results strongly suggest that CA could be used as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jeong Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang M, Li Y, Hu X. Chebulinic acid derived from triphala is a promising antitumour agent in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:342. [PMID: 30587184 PMCID: PMC6307174 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triphala is an Ayurvedic rasayana formulation reputed for its antitumour activities, and chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid, along with other phenolic acids, have been proposed to be responsible for its effects. METHODS In this study, the anti-proliferative activities of these agents were evaluated in colorectal carcinoma cell lines with three phenotypes exposed to several batches of triphala samples with different quantities of chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid. The pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory activities and the probable antitumour mechanisms of the more potent anti-proliferative phytochemical were also investigated. RESULTS The results demonstrated that chebulinic acid, which exerts potent anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory effects, is a key molecule for maintaining the antitumour efficacy of triphala. The antitumour mechanism of chebulinic acid is probably related to the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. CONCLUSIONS Chebulinic acid is not only a critical component of the anticancer activities of triphala but also a promising natural multi-target antitumour agent with therapeutic potential.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shanmuganathan S, Angayarkanni N. Chebulagic acid and Chebulinic acid inhibit TGF-β1 induced fibrotic changes in the chorio-retinal endothelial cells by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. Microvasc Res 2018; 121:14-23. [PMID: 30189210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic and pro-fibrotic environment during the various stages of the disease progression. Basement membrane changes in the retina and formation of fibrovascular membrane are characteristically seen in DR. In the present study the effect of Alcoholic (AlE) extracts of Triphala an ayurvedic herbal formulation and its chief compounds, Chebulagic (CA), Chebulinic (CI) and Gallic acid (GA) were evaluated for TGFβ1-induced anti-fibrotic activity in choroid-retinal endothelial cells (RF/6A). METHOD RF/6A cells were treated with TGFβ1 alone or co-treated with AlE, CA, CI or GA. The mRNA and protein expression of fibrotic markers (αSMA, CTGF) were assessed by qPCR and western blot/ELISA. Functional changes were assessed using proliferation assay and migration assay. To deduce the mechanism of action, downstream signaling was assessed by western blot analysis along with in silico docking studies. RESULT AlE (50 μg/ml) CA and CI at 10 μM reduced the expression of pro-fibrotic genes (αSMA and CTGF) induced by TGFβ1, by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. GA did not inhibit TGFβ1 mediated changes in RF/6A cells. In silico experiments shows that CA and CI has favourable binding energy to bind with TGFβ receptor and inhibit the downstream signaling, while GA did not. CONCLUSION Hence this study identifies Triphala and its chief compounds CA and CI as potential adjuvants in the management of DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Shanmuganathan
- R.S Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Narayanasamy Angayarkanni
- R.S Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell biology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Munawar TM, Surya Prakash DV, Vangalapati M. Development of response surface methodology for optimization of parameters and quantitative analysis of chebulinic acid from composition of medicinal herbs by HPLC. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1809-1814. [PMID: 31762663 PMCID: PMC6864139 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to study the development of response surface methodology for optimization of chebulinic acid extraction from composition of medicinal herbs such as Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica and seeds of Dimocarpus longan. Optimization of extraction parameters such as weight dosages, pH and time were carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions determined for extraction of chebulinic acid through response surface methodology were dosage (6.25 g), pH (5.7) and time (24.23 h). These results showed that the developed model is satisfactory and relevant for the extraction of chebulinic acid. The analysis of variance showed a high goodness of model fit and the performance of the RSM method for improving chebulinic acid extraction from the composition of medicinal herbs. Quantitative estimation of chebulinic acid in the composition of medicinal herbs by HPLC studies revealed that 0.712% w/w of chebulinic acid content was present in the composition of herbal powder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mohammad Munawar
- Department of Biotechnology, JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula 516390, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - D V Surya Prakash
- Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Meena Vangalapati
- Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song JH, Shin MS, Hwang GS, Oh ST, Hwang JJ, Kang KS. Chebulinic acid attenuates glutamate-induced HT22 cell death by inhibiting oxidative stress, calcium influx and MAPKs phosphorylation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:249-253. [PMID: 29317168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and oxidative stress is a major causative factor in neuronal cell death in acute brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The prevention of oxidative stress is a potential therapeutic strategy. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to examine a potential therapeutic agent and its protective mechanism against glutamate-mediated cell death. We first found that chebulinic acid isolated from extracts of the fruit of Terminalia chebula prevented glutamate-induced HT22 cell death. Chebulinic acid significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Ca2+ influx induced by glutamate. We further demonstrated that chebulinic acid significantly decreased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, as well as inhibiting pro-apoptotic Bax and increasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, we demonstrated that chebulinic acid significantly reduced the apoptosis induced by glutamate in HT22 cells. In conclusion, our results in this study suggest that chebulinic acid is a potent protectant against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death via inhibiting ROS production, Ca2+ influx, and phosphorylation of MAPKs, as well as reducing the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, which contribute to oxidative stress-mediated neuronal cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Sook Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Taek Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lopez HL, Habowski SM, Sandrock JE, Raub B, Kedia A, Bruno EJ, Ziegenfuss TN. Effects of dietary supplementation with a standardized aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula fruit (AyuFlex ®) on joint mobility, comfort, and functional capacity in healthy overweight subjects: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:475. [PMID: 28969626 PMCID: PMC5625793 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Joint and connective tissue integrity, comfort and function are paramount to optimal performance in exercise, recreational and occupational activities. The fruit of Terminalia chebula has been used extensively in various traditional health systems for different ailments, with additional preclinical and clinical data demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a standardized aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula fruit (AyuFlex®) dietary supplementation on joint mobility, comfort, and functional capacity in healthy overweight subjects. Methods One-hundred and five (105) overweight, apparently healthy male and female subjects (35–70 years of age) were pre-screened and randomized to one of three groups for 84 days: placebo, AyuFlex1 (250 mg twice daily) or AyuFlex2 (500 mg twice daily) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. A two-week placebo lead-in period was used to improve data quality/validity. All subjects had no knee joint discomfort at rest, but experienced knee joint discomfort only with activity/exercise of at least 30 on 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Primary outcome measures included symptoms of joint health and function as measured by modified-Knee Injury & Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (mKOOS) global & modified-Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (mWOMAC) subscales (discomfort, stiffness and function). Secondary outcomes included VAS questionnaires on overall/whole-body joint health, low back health, knee mobility, willingness and ability to exercise, 6-min walk test for distance and range of motion (ROM) of pain-free knee flexion/extension. Tertiary outcome measures included inflammatory (high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and extracellular matrix (ECM)/Connective Tissue (COMP) biomarkers, and safety (vital signs and blood markers) & tolerability (Adverse Event (AE)/ side effect profiles). Results Compared to placebo, at day 84 AyuFlex® treatment significantly: 1) improved mKOOS global scores in AyuFlex1 + AyuFlex2 (P = 0.023), and improved total and physical function subscale of mWOMAC relative to baseline, 2) improved VAS scores for Knee Discomfort with activity/exercise in AyuFlex1 + AyuFlex2 (P = 0.001) relative to baseline, 3) improved VAS scores for whole-body joint function in AyuFlex1 + AyuFlex2 (P < 0.029) relative to baseline, 4) improved VAS score for decreased knee joint soreness following leg extension challenge for AyuFlex1 (P = 0.022) and AyuFlex2 (P = 0.043) relative to baseline, 5) improved 6-min walk performance distance covered (P = 0.047) and VAS discomfort (P = 0.026) post-6 min walk in AyuFlex1 + AyuFlex2 relative to baseline, 6) and tended to decrease COMP levels in AyuFlex1 + AyuFLex2 (P = 0.104) relative to baseline. All biomarkers of safety remained within normative limits during the study. Low back health tended to improve in the AyuFlex1 and AyuFlex2 group, but failed to reach significance relative to placebo group. Conclusions AyuFlex® improved mKOOS global scores, knee joint discomfort with activity/exercise, 6-min walk test distance covered and discomfort post-6 min walk test, overall whole-body joint function, knee soreness following leg extension resistance exercise in a healthy, overweight population, without AE. Differences between 250 mg/BID and 500 mg/BID were non-significant for most of the outcome measures, validating the efficacy of the lower dose. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02589249; October 26, 2015.
Collapse
|
11
|
Todisco S, Di Noia MA, Onofrio A, Parisi G, Punzi G, Redavid G, De Grassi A, Pierri CL. Identification of new highly selective inhibitors of the human ADP/ATP carriers by molecular docking and in vitro transport assays. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 100:112-32. [PMID: 26616220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers are proteins that shuttle a variety of metabolites, nucleotides and coenzymes across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial ADP/ATP carriers (AACs) specifically translocate the ATP synthesized within mitochondria to the cytosol in exchange for the cytosolic ADP, playing a key role in energy production, in promoting cell viability and regulating mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. In Homo sapiens four genes code for AACs with different tissue distribution and expression patterns. Since AACs are dysregulated in several cancer types, the employment of known and new AAC inhibitors might be crucial for inducing mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Albeit carboxyatractyloside (CATR) and bongkrekic acid (BKA) are known to be powerful and highly selective AAC inhibitors, able to induce mitochondrial dysfunction at molecular level and poisoning at physiological level, we estimated here for the first time their affinity for the human recombinant AAC2 by in vitro transport assays. We found that the inhibition constants of CATR and BKA are 4 nM and 2.0 μM, respectively. For finding new AAC inhibitors we also performed a docking-based virtual screening of an in-house developed chemical library and we identified about 100 ligands showing high affinity for the AAC2 binding region. By testing 13 commercially available molecules, out of the 100 predicted candidates, we found that 2 of them, namely suramin and chebulinic acid, are competitive AAC2 inhibitors with inhibition constants 0.3 μM and 2.1 μM, respectively. We also demonstrated that chebulinic acid and suramin are "highly selective" AAC2 inhibitors, since they poorly inhibit other human mitochondrial carriers (namely ORC1, APC1 and AGC1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Todisco
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Di Noia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Onofrio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parisi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Punzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Redavid
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Patel K, Tyagi C, Goyal S, Jamal S, Wahi D, Jain R, Bharadvaja N, Grover A. Identification of chebulinic acid as potent natural inhibitor of M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase and molecular insights into its binding mode of action. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 59 Pt A:37-47. [PMID: 26410242 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistant tuberculosis has threatened all the advances that have been made in TB control at the global stage in the last few decades. DNA gyrase enzymes are an excellent target for antibacterial drug discovery as they are involved in essential functions like DNA replication. Here we report, a successful application of high throughput virtual screening (HTVS) to identify an inhibitor of Mycobacterium DNA gyrase targeting the wild type and the most prevalent three double mutants of quinolone resistant DNA gyrase namely A90V+D94G, A74S+D94G and A90V+S91P. HTVS of 179.299 compounds gave five compounds with significant binding affinity. Extra presicion (XP) docking and MD simulations gave a clear view of their interaction pattern. Among them, chebulinic acid (CA), a phytocompound obtained from Terminalia chebula was the most potent inhibitor with significantly high XP docking score, -14.63, -16.46, -15.94 and -15.11 against wild type and three variants respectively. Simulation studies for a period of 16 ns indicated stable DNA gyrA-CA complex formation. This stable binding would result in inhibition of the enzyme by two mechanisms. Firstly, binding of CA causes displacement of catalytic Tyr129 away from its target DNA-phosphate molecule from 1.6 Å to 3.8-7.3 Å and secondly, by causing steric hindrance to the binding of DNA strand at DNA binding site of enzyme. The combined effect would result in loss of cleavage and religation activity of enzyme leading to bactericidal effect on tuberculosis. This phytocompound displays desirable quality for carrying forward as a lead compound for anti-tuberculosis drug development. The results presented here are solely based on computations and need to be validated experimentally in order to assert the proposed mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Chetna Tyagi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Salma Jamal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Divya Wahi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ritu Jain
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Navneeta Bharadvaja
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|