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Chevalier RC, Oliveira Júnior FD, Cunha RL. Modulating digestibility and stability of Pickering emulsions based on cellulose nanofibers. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113963. [PMID: 38309879 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have been widely studied for their biodegradability and for their unique advantages as a stabilizer in Pickering-type emulsions. However, it is challenging to produce cellulose nanofibers from agroindustry waste with good techno-functional properties, without the use of harsh process conditions. Green alternatives (eco-friendly) have been studied to obtain nanofibers, such as enzymatic hydrolysis and/or application of mechanical processes. In this work, we used acid hydrolysis (as a control and example of an efficient method), enzymatic hydrolysis and a mechanical process (ultrasound) to obtain cellulose nanofibers. We also evaluated the effect of the presence of ethyl groups in the cellulosic matrix (ethylcellulose) on the stabilizing mechanism of emulsions. All cellulose nanofibers were able to produce Pickering emulsions at concentrations of 0.01-0.05% (w/w), although showing differences in emulsion stability and digestibility. Morphology of the different cellulose nanofibers affected the viscosity of the aqueous suspensions used as continuous phase. Emulsions with nanofibers obtained from cassava peel (without the presence of ethyl groups) were stabilized only by the Pickering-type mechanism, while ethylcellulose nanofibers also showed surface activity that contributed to the stability of the emulsion. Furthermore, these latter emulsions showed greater release of free fatty acids in in vitro digestion compared to emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanofibers. Despite these differences, in vitro digestion showed the potential of applying cellulose-stabilized emulsions to control the rate of lipid digestion, due to the low amount of free fatty acids released (<20%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Costa Chevalier
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology (DETA), School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas-SP CEP: 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Fernando Divino Oliveira Júnior
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology (DETA), School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas-SP CEP: 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Lopes Cunha
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology (DETA), School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas-SP CEP: 13083-862, Brazil.
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2
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Yan Y, Zhang M, Gao J, Qin L, Fu X, Wan J. Comparison of methods for detecting protein extracted from excess activated sludge. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:60967-60975. [PMID: 37042919 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The protein contents of hydrolyzed sludge supernatant are commonly determined with the Kjeldahl method, but this method suffers from complicated operations, long process times, and large quantities of chemicals consumed. In this paper, the Lowry, bicinchoninic acid (BCA), and Bradford methods were used to test the precision and spiked recovery of proteins from sludge supernatants hydrolyzed by alkaline-thermal hydrolysis (ATH), enzymatic hydrolysis (EH), and ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis (UEH), and the results were compared with those obtained with the Kjeldahl method. For all the hydrolytic processes, the sludge protein values determined with the three tested methods were within 0.05 of each other, which met the experimental requirement for accuracy. Both the Lowry and BCA methods had recovery rates of 95-105%, while the Bradford method showed large deviations and was not highly reliable. The three protein determination methods showed significant differences with the Kjeldahl method (P<0.05). However, the relative deviation between the Kjeldahl and BCA methods was the smallest (3-5%), followed by those between the Kjeldahl and the Lowry (11-21%) and Bradford methods (21-90%), and the causes of the deviations were analyzed based on the protein hydrolysate components and the mechanisms for the different detection methods. On the basis of these results, the BCA method was chosen as the most appropriate quantification method for use with sludge protein extraction, and it was used to analyze the protein contents extracted from residual sludge samples obtained from two sewage treatment plants. The reliability of the method was verified, and this lays a foundation for the extraction and reclamation of sludge proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Yan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mengnan Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianlei Gao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Lei Qin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xi Fu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Junfeng Wan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
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Wang SH, Liang H, Wang YQ, Kathy Tse WG, Dong HW, Yang TC, Zhang YH, Zeng KW, Tu PF. Steroidal alkaloids and their glycosides from the bulbs of Fritillaria unibracteata. Steroids 2022; 181:108977. [PMID: 35134432 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.108977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Seven undescribed steroidal alkaloids, including two jervine-type steroidal alkaloids, fritiunibras A-B (1-2), and five cevanine-type steroidal alkaloid glycosides, fritiunibras C-G (3-7), along with six known cevanine-type steroidal alkaloids and their glycosides (8-13) were isolated from the bulbs of Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia. Their structures were determined by interpretation of comprehensive spectroscopic and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configurations of sugar moieties were determined by HPLC analysis and compared with standards after hydrolysis and derivatization. Furthermore, their inhibitory effects on NO production and cytotoxic activities were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Gaun Kathy Tse
- Nin Jiom Medicine Manufactory (H.K.) Limited, Hong Kong 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Wen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie-Chui Yang
- Nin Jiom Medicine Manufactory (H.K.) Limited, Hong Kong 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Wu SY, Bai M, Zhou Q, Nong XH, Chen GY, Zhao SY, Han CR, Song XP. Phenolic glycosides from the stems of Homalium stenophyllum. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:225-230. [PMID: 33781456 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation of the stems of Homalium stenophyllum afforded seven new phenolic glycosides (1-5 and 8-9) and two known compounds (6 and 7). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of NMR spectroscopic, mass spectrometric data and chemical hydrolysis. Additionally, their anti-inflammatory activities against the NO production in LPS-induced macrophages were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Meng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xu-Hua Nong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Guang-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Si-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Chang-Ri Han
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources of Hainan Province, Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou 571126, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
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Yamada T, Tsuji H, Daimon H. Improvement of methanogenic activity of anaerobic digestion using poly(l-lactic acid) with enhanced chemical hydrolyzability based on physicochemical parameters. J Environ Manage 2018; 226:476-483. [PMID: 30145503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because packing bags and disposable items of poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) waste are discharged together with other organic waste including garbage, anaerobic co-digestion of PLLA and other organic waste is required. However, because of low hydrolyzability of PLLA products, the chemical hydrolyzability must be improved for PLLA treatment during anaerobic digestion. This study aimed to assess weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and crystallinity (Xc), to determine the chemical hydrolyzability of PLLA, for PLLA treatment during anaerobic digestion. Moreover, the possibility of anaerobic co-digestion of the PLLA after improvement of chemical hydrolyzability and other organic waste was also discussed. Detectable methanogenic activity of the mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic sludges of PLLA occurred in the Mw range of 6,800 to 16,500, and 6,800 and 38,000, respectively. The methanogenic activity of mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic sludge was higher with PLLA with a high crystallinity (Xc = 39.9-46.1%) than with nearly amorphous PLLA (Xc = 0.3-3.5%). The maximum methanogenic activity of anaerobic sludge using PLLA with an Xc of approximately 40-45% and with a Mw of 10,300 and 16,500 for mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic sludge were 0.013 gCOD·gVS-1·d-1 and 0.13 gCOD·gVS-1·d-1, respectively. A survey on the possibility of anaerobic co-digestion of PLLA after improvement in chemical hydrolyzability based on Mw and Xc and organic wastes revealed that thermophilic conditions at 55 °C are more advantageous than mesophilic conditions at 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
| | - Hideto Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daimon
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan; Institute for Global Network Innovation in Technology Education, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
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Ren X, Zhang P, Zhao L, Sun H. Sorption and degradation of carbaryl in soils amended with biochars: influence of biochar type and content. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:2724-2734. [PMID: 26438372 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochars that were produced from three different biomass materials were amended to a soil to elucidate their influence on the fate of carbaryl. Sorption and degradation of carbaryl in soils amended with the biochars were investigated. The results showed that the amendment of biochars to soil enhanced the sorption of carbaryl. The nonlinearity of sorption isotherm and sorption affinity of carbaryl increased with the content and pyrolytic temperature of the biochars. Both chemical and biological degradation of carbaryl were influenced by biochars. The biochars enhanced the chemical hydrolysis of carbaryl in soil, with biochars produced at 700 °C (BC700) exhibiting greater impact, due to their strong liming effect. In contrast, BC350 (produced at 350 °C) promoted the biodegradation of carbaryl in soil by different extents, while BC700 obviously reduced the biodegradation of carbaryl. The enhanced activities of natural microorganisms in the soil and the lowered bioavailability of carbaryl acted together to determine the biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of original Agro-Environmental Quality, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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7
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Kim SW, Hong CH, Jeon SW, Shin HJ. High-yield production of biosugars from Gracilaria verrucosa by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis processes. Bioresour Technol 2015; 196:634-641. [PMID: 26299978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gracilaria verrucosa, the red alga, is a suitable feedstock for biosugar production. This study analyzes biosugar production by the hydrolysis of G. verrucosa conducted under various conditions (i.e., various acid concentrations, substrate concentrations, reaction times, and enzyme dosages). The acid hydrolysates of G. verrucosa yielded a total of 7.47g/L (37.4%) and 10.63g/L (21.26%) of reducing sugars under optimal small (30mL) and large laboratory-scale (1L) hydrolysis processes, respectively. Reducing sugar obtained from acid and enzymatic hydrolysates were 10% higher, with minimum by-products, than those reported in other studies. The mass balance for the small laboratory-scale process showed that the acid and enzymatic hydrolysates had a carbohydrate conversion of 57.2%. The mass balance approach to the entire hydrolysis process of red seaweed for biosugar production can be applied to other saccharification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Won Kim
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, Chosun University, Gwnagju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Hwan Hong
- Research and Development Division, Hyundai Motor Group, Uiwang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Jeon
- Research and Development Division, Hyundai Motor Group, Uiwang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Shin
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, Chosun University, Gwnagju, Republic of Korea.
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Trzcinski AP, Stuckey DC. Contribution of acetic acid to the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass under abiotic conditions. Bioresour Technol 2015; 185:441-444. [PMID: 25794810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetic acid was used in abiotic experiments to adjust the solution pH and investigate its influence on the chemical hydrolysis of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW). Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was used to measure the hydrolysis under oxidative conditions (positive oxidation-reduction potential values), and pH 4 allowed for 20% (±2%) of the COD added to be solubilized, whereas only 12% (±1%) was solubilized at pH7. Under reducing conditions (negative oxidation-reduction potential values) and pH 4, 32.3% (±3%) of the OFMSW was solubilized which shows that acidogenesis at pH 4 during the anaerobic digestion of solid waste can result in chemical hydrolysis. In comparison, bacterial hydrolysis resulted in 54% (±6%) solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine P Trzcinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology and Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BY, UK.
| | - David C Stuckey
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College of Science and Technology and Medicine, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BY, UK
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Wikiera A, Mika M, Starzyńska-Janiszewska A, Stodolak B. Development of complete hydrolysis of pectins from apple pomace. Food Chem 2014; 172:675-80. [PMID: 25442606 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatically extracted pectins have a more complex structure than those obtained by conventional methods. As a result, they are less susceptible to hydrolysis, which makes the precise determination of their composition difficult. The aim of the study was to develop a method of complete hydrolysis of enzymatically extracted apple pectins. Substrates were pectins isolated from apple pomace by the use of xylanase and multicatalytic preparation Celluclast and apple pomace. Hydrolysis was performed by a chemical method with 2M TFA at 100 °C and 120 °C and a combined acidic/enzymatic method. After hydrolysis, the contents of galacturonic acid and neutral sugars were measured by HPLC. Complete hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid occurred after 2.5h incubation with 2M TFA at 120 °C. The efficient hydrolysis of neutral sugars in pectins was performed with 2M TFA at 100 °C for 2.5h. Monomers most susceptible to concentrated acid were rhamnose, mannose and arabinose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wikiera
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, 31-149 Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Mika
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, 31-149 Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, Poland
| | - Anna Starzyńska-Janiszewska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, 31-149 Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, Poland
| | - Bożena Stodolak
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agricultural University of Cracow, 31-149 Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, Poland
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Acosta-Estrada BA, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Serna-Saldívar SO. Bound phenolics in foods, a review. Food Chem 2013; 152:46-55. [PMID: 24444905 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Among phytochemicals, phenolic compounds have been extensively researched due to their diverse health benefits. Phenolic compounds occur mostly as soluble conjugates and insoluble forms, covalently bound to sugar moieties or cell wall structural components. Absorption mechanisms for bound phenolic compounds in the gastrointestinal tract greatly depend on the liberation of sugar moieties. Food processes such as fermentation, malting, thermoplastic extrusion or enzymatic, alkaline and acid hydrolyses occasionally assisted with microwave or ultrasound have potential to release phenolics associated to cell walls. Different kinds of wet chemistry methodologies to release and detect bound phenolic have been developed. These include harsh heat treatments, chemical modifications or biocatalysis. New protocols for processing and determining phenolics in food matrices must be devised in order to release bound phenolics and for quality control in the growing functional food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A Acosta-Estrada
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, School of Biotechnology and Foods, Tecnológico de Monterrey-Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 64849, Mexico
| | - Janet A Gutiérrez-Uribe
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, School of Biotechnology and Foods, Tecnológico de Monterrey-Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 64849, Mexico.
| | - Sergio O Serna-Saldívar
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, School of Biotechnology and Foods, Tecnológico de Monterrey-Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. C.P. 64849, Mexico
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