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Lee NK, Chang JW. Manufacturing Cell and Gene Therapies: Challenges in Clinical Translation. Ann Lab Med 2024; 44:314-323. [PMID: 38361427 PMCID: PMC10961620 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of both cell and gene therapies have been demonstrated in numerous preclinical and clinical trials. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, which leverages the technologies of both cell and gene therapies, has also shown great promise for treating various cancers. Advancements in pertinent fields have also highlighted challenges faced while manufacturing cell and gene therapy products. Potential problems and obstacles must be addressed to ease the clinical translation of individual therapies. Literature reviews of representative cell-based, gene-based, and cell-based gene therapies with regard to their general manufacturing processes, the challenges faced during manufacturing, and QC specifications are limited. We review the general manufacturing processes of cell and gene therapies, including those involving mesenchymal stem cells, viral vectors, and CAR-T cells. The complexities associated with the manufacturing processes and subsequent QC/validation processes may present challenges that could impede the clinical progression of the products. This article addresses these potential challenges. Further, we discuss the use of the manufacturing model and its impact on cell and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kyung Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute (CGTI), Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute (CGTI), Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea
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2
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Cheng J, Liu M, Zhang J. Intelligent tunable CAR-T cell therapy leads the new trend. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:606-609. [PMID: 37753197 PMCID: PMC10518343 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has been proved to have robust anti-tumor effects against hematological malignancies. However, problems about safety and efficacy, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), T cell exhaustion and antigen escape are still raised when patients are treated with CAR-T cells. Moreover, CAR-T therapy has limited applications in treating solid tumors, owing to inefficient infiltration and poor functional persistence of CAR-T cells and diverse immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. In order to overcome these limitations and broad its applications, multiple controllable CAR-T technologies were exploited. In this article, we review the designs of intelligent controlled CAR-T technologies and the innovations that they bring about in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Cheng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqin Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Liu G, Li D, Gu Z, Zhang L, Pan Y, Cui X, Wang L, Liu G, Tian X, Zhang Z. B7-H3 targeted CAR-T cells show highly efficient anti-tumor function against osteosarcoma both in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1124. [PMID: 36320072 PMCID: PMC9628043 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) mainly happens in children and youths. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the common therapies for osteosarcoma treatment but all their anti-tumor effects are limited. In recent years, a new cellular therapy, CAR-T, a cellular immunotherapy with genetically engineered T cells bearing chimeric antigen receptor targeting specific tumor-associated antigen, has been proved to be an effective therapy against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thus, CAR-T is a potentially effective therapy for osteosarcoma treatment. METHODS A CAR gene targeting B7-H3 antigen was constructed into lentiviral vector through molecular biology techniques. Then, the CAR gene was transferred to T cells through lentiviral delivery system, and the CAR-T cells were largely expanded using in vitro culture technology. The in vitro anti-tumor effect of CAR-T cells was evaluated through Real Time Cell Analysis system (RTCA) and ELISA assay. The in vivo anti-tumor capabilities of CAR-T cells were evaluated using the patient-derived xenografts (PDX) model of osteosarcoma. RESULTS The third-generation CAR-T cells we constructed could target the B7-H3 antigen, and the phenotype of CAR-T cells was consistent with normal T cells; The CAR-T cells showed superior antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our study showed that B7-H3 targeted CAR-T cells had high anti-tumor efficacy against osteosarcoma both in vitro and in vivo, which proved that B7-H3 targeted CAR-T therapy is potentially effective for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- grid.411333.70000 0004 0407 2968Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, National Children’s Medical Center & Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Guodi Liu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China ,grid.28056.390000 0001 2163 4895State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Dehua Li
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China
| | - Zhangjie Gu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China
| | - Linsong Zhang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China
| | - Yingjiao Pan
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China
| | - Xingbing Cui
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China
| | - Lu Wang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China
| | - Guoping Liu
- grid.411525.60000 0004 0369 1599Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231 China ,Shanghai Beautiful Life Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200231 China
| | - Ziming Zhang
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.415625.10000 0004 0467 3069Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062 China
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Liu G, Zhang Q, Liu G, Li D, Zhang L, Gu Z, Tian H, Zhang Y, Tian X. Disruption of adenosine 2A receptor improves the anti-tumor function of anti-mesothelin CAR T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112886. [PMID: 34673000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been successfully used for the treatment of hematological malignancies including acute and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia. However, results of CAR T cell projects in solid tumors have been less impressive to date, partly because of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). It is widely known that high adenosine production is an important factor causing tumor-induced immunosuppression in TME, and adenosine mediates the suppression of anti-tumor T cell responses via binding and signaling through adenosine 2a receptor (A2aR). Previous studies have shown that adenosine generated by cancer cells significantly inhibits T cell anti-tumor activity through binding and then activating adenosine 2A receptors (A2aRs) of T cells. Based on the previous work, in our study, we evaluated whether A2aR disruption by shRNA could enhance the anti-tumor function of anti-mesothelin (MSLN) CAR T cells both in vitro and in vivo. For this goal above, we used MSLN-positive human ovarian serous carcinoma cells (SKOV3) and human colon cancer cells (HCT116) as target cancer cells while MSLN-negative human ovarian cancer cells (ES2) as non-target cancer cells. We observed that targeting cell-intrinsic A2aR through shRNA overexpression caused significant A2aR disruption in CAR T cells and profoundly increased CAR T cell efficacy in both CAR T cell cytokine production and cytotoxicity towards MSLN-positive cancer cells in vitro. More importantly, in SKOV3 xenograft mouse models, anti-MSLN CAR-T cells significantly reduced the tumor burden compared with non-transduced T cells, and the anti-tumor activity of A2aR-disrupted anti-MSLN CAR-T cells was stronger than that of wild-type anti-MSLN CAR-T cells. Altogether, our study showed enhanced anti-tumor efficacy caused by shRNA-mediated A2aR disruption in anti-MSLN CAR T cells both in vitro and in vivo, which proved that shRNA-mediated modification of gene expression might be an excellent strategy for improving CAR T cell function in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and could potentially improve the outcome of treatment in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodi Liu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dehua Li
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Linsong Zhang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Zhangjie Gu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Huixin Tian
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital of China Medical University and Liao Ning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200231, China.
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Liu G, Zhang Q, Li D, Zhang L, Gu Z, Liu J, Liu G, Yang M, Gu J, Cui X, Pan Y, Tian X. PD-1 silencing improves anti-tumor activities of human mesothelin-targeted CAR T cells. Hum Immunol 2020; 82:130-138. [PMID: 33341289 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy is a new pillar in cancer therapeutics, and has been successfully used for the treatment of cancers, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia and solid cancers. Following immune attack, many tumors upregulate inhibitory ligands which bind to inhibitory receptors on T cells. For example, the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on activated T cells and its ligands (widely known as PD-L1) on a target tumor limits the efficacy of CAR T cells therapy against poorly responding tumors. Here, we use mesothelin (MSLN)-expressing human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3) and human colon cancer cells (HCT116) to investigate whether PD-1-mediated T cell exhaustion affects the anti-tumor activity of MSLN-targeted CAR T cells. We utilized cell-intrinsic PD-1-targeting shRNA overexpression strategy, resulting in a significant PD-1 silencing in CAR T cells. The reduction of PD-1 expression on T cell surface strongly augmented CAR T cell cytokine production and cytotoxicity towards PD-L1-expressing cancer cells in vitro. This study indicates the enhanced anti-tumor efficacy of PD-1-silencing MSLN-targeted CAR T cells against several cancers and suggests the potential of other specific gene silencing on the immune checkpoints to enhance the CAR T cell therapies against human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodi Liu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Dehua Li
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Linsong Zhang
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Zhangjie Gu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Jibin Liu
- Institute of Tumor of Nantong Tumor Hospital, No. 30, North Tongyang Road, Pingchao Town, Tongzhou District, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province 226361, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jinwei Gu
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Xingbing Cui
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Yingjiao Pan
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Shanghai Yihao Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200231, China.
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Su T, Ying Z, Lu XA, He T, Song Y, Wang X, Ping L, Xie Y, Tu M, Liu G, Qi F, Ding Y, Jing H, Zhu J. The clinical outcomes of fresh versus cryopreserved CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Cryobiology 2020; 96:106-113. [PMID: 32721392 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells have been widely reported in the therapy of relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Both cryopreserved and fresh formulations of CAR-T have been used in previous studies. However, quite a few studies investigated the effects of cryopreservation on the clinical outcomes of CAR-T cells. Here we retrospectively analyzed a phase I/II clinical trial of CD19-directed CAR-T cells in NHL patients, and compared the safety and efficacy of cryopreserved and fresh CAR-T products. All CAR-T cells were prepared using the same manufacturing process except the formulation step. Fifteen patients were infused with cryopreserved/thawed CAR-T cells, and 8 patients were treated with fresh CAR-T cells. Comparative overall response rates and in vivo expansion kinetics of CAR-T cells were observed between the cryopreserved cohort and fresh cohort. The occurrence rates of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity were also similar in both groups. Patients in the fresh cohort showed higher incidence of acute hematological toxicity including anemia, hypoleukemia, and thrombocytopenia. This study demonstrated that cryopreservation showed negligible effects on the efficacy of CD19-directed CAR-T cells, but endowed CAR-T cells with higher safety in NHL patients, supporting the application of cryopreserved CAR-T products for NHL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhitao Ying
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xin-An Lu
- Immunochina Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Ting He
- Immunochina Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaopei Wang
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Meifeng Tu
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Guanghua Liu
- Immunochina Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Feifei Qi
- Immunochina Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Yanping Ding
- Immunochina Pharmaceuticals Co, Ltd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100089, China.
| | - Hongmei Jing
- Department of Hematology and Lymphoma Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Lymphoma, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
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Abstract
Objective: Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has demonstrated an unprecedented therapeutic efficacy in hematological malignancies; however, its effectiveness in solid tumors remains elusive. In order to enable CAR-T cells more effective to solid tumors, a inverted chimeric cytokine receptor (ICR) was designed, which is consists of the TGF-β extracellular domain, IL-7 receptor intracellular domain, and co-expression on CAR-T cells.Materials and Methods: We selected prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a target for CAR-T cells, constructed corresponding effector cells, and verified the anti-tumor activity of this enhanced PSMA-CAR-T cell by a series of repeated target cell stimulation experiments in vitro and the anti-tumor capabilities by using mice xenograft model in vivo.Results: In vitro experiments showed that co-expression of ICR could significantly enhance sustained anti-tumor capabilities of PSMA-CAR-T cells. Moreover, in vivo experiments also confirmed that the enhanced PSMA-CAR-T cells exhibited significant superior anti-tumor capabilities and could prolong the survival time in the xenograft and PDX models of prostate cancer.Conclusions: PSMA-CAR-T cells co-expressing ICR can be envisaged as a new therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer and support the translation of this enhanced approach in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Weimin
- Reproductive medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Asimujiang Abula
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Ding Qianghong
- Department of Urology, Fourth People's Hospital of Shenzhen Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Wenguang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
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Jain MD, Davila ML. Concise Review: Emerging Principles from the Clinical Application of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapies for B Cell Malignancies. Stem Cells 2017; 36:36-44. [PMID: 29024301 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gene-engineered T cell therapies are soon to be United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for at least two types of B cell malignancies in pediatric and adult patients, in the form of CD19 targeted chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy. This represents a triumph of a true bench to bedside clinical translation of a therapy that was conceived of in the early 1990s. Clinical results have demonstrated efficacious responses in patients with the CD19 positive diseases B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. However, significant challenges have emerged, including worrisome immune-related toxicities, therapy resistance, and understanding how to administer CD19 CAR T cells in clinical practice. Although much remains to be learned, pioneering clinical trials have led to foundational insights about the clinical translation of this novel therapy. Here, we review the "lessons learned" from the pre-clinical and human experience with CAR T cell therapy. Stem Cells 2018;36:36-44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jain
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Marco L Davila
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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