1
|
Radek R, Wurzbacher C, Strassert JFH. New nephridiophagid genera (Fungi, Chytridiomycota) in a mallow beetle and an earwig. MycoKeys 2023; 100:245-260. [PMID: 38162290 PMCID: PMC10757303 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.100.111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Nephridiophagids are unicellular fungi (Chytridiomycota) that infect the Malpighian tubules of insects. Most species have been found in cockroach hosts and belong to the genus Nephridiophaga. Three additional genera have been described from beetles and an earwig. Here, we characterise morphologically and molecular phylogenetically the nephridiophagids of the European earwig Forficulaauricularia and the mallow beetle Podagricamalvae. Their morphology and life cycle stages resemble those of other nephridiophagids, but their rRNA gene sequences support the existence of two additional genera. Whereas the earwig nephridiophagid (Nephridiochytriumforficulaegen. nov. et sp. nov.) forms a sister lineage of the Nephridiophaga cluster, the mallow beetle nephridiophagid (Malpighivincopodagricaegen. nov. et sp. nov.) represents the earliest divergent lineage within the nephridiophagids, being sister to all other species. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that different insect groups harbour distinct nephridiophagid lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Radek
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, GermanyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Christian Wurzbacher
- Chair of Urban Water Systems, Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, GermanyTechnical University of MunichMünchenGermany
| | - Jürgen F. H. Strassert
- Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, GermanyEvolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hurdeal VG, Longcore JE, Gareth Jones EB, Rabern Simmons D, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E. Integrative approach to species delimitation in Rhizophydiales: Novel species of Angulomyces, Gorgonomyces, and Terramyces from northern Thailand. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 180:107706. [PMID: 36657624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Chytridiomycota is a phylum of zoosporic eufungi that inhabit terrestrial, freshwater, and oceanic habitats. Within the phylum, the Rhizophydiales contains several monotypic families theorized to hold a diverse assemblage of fungi yet to be discovered and properly described. Based on morphology alone, many species in this order are difficult or impossible to identify. In this study, we isolated three chytrids from northern Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses placed the isolates in three monotypic genera within Rhizophydiales. Intrageneric genetic distances in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ranged between 1.5 and 8.5%. Angulomyces solicola sp. nov. is characterized by larger sporangia, spores, and fewer discharge papilla than A.argentinensis; Gorgonomyces thailandicus sp. nov. has larger zoospores and fewer discharge papillae in culture compared to G. haynaldii; Terramyces chiangraiensis sp. nov. produces larger sporangia than T. subangulosum. We delimited species of Angulomyces, Gorgonomyces and Terramyces using a tripartite approach that employed phylogeny, ITS genetic distances and Poisson tree processes (PTP). Results of these approaches suggest more than one species in each genus. This study contributes to the knowledge of chytrids, an understudied group in Thailand and worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedprakash G Hurdeal
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Joyce E Longcore
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5722, USA
| | - E B Gareth Jones
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - D Rabern Simmons
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wijntjes C, Weber Y, Höger S, Hollert H, Schäffer A. Effects of algae and fungicides on the fate of a sulfonylurea herbicide in a water-sediment system. Chemosphere 2022; 290:133234. [PMID: 34902390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pesticide mixtures on various soil parameters has been extensively studied, whereas research on effects in the aquatic environment is scarce. Furthermore, investigations on the consequences of chemical mixtures on the biodegradation kinetics of parent compounds remain deficient. Our research intended to evaluate potential effects by combined application of an agriculturally employed tank mixture to aquatic sediment systems under controlled laboratory conditions. The mixture contained two fungicides and one radiolabeled herbicide of which the route and rate of degradation was followed. One set of aquatic sediment vessels was incubated in the dark. A second set of vessels was controlled under identical conditions, except for being continuously irradiated to promote algal growth. In addition, the algal biomass in irradiated aquatic sediment was monitored to determine its effects and a potential role in the biodegradation of iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. The study results showed that the herbicide, although hydro- and photolytically stable throughout the study, metabolized faster (DT50 1.1-1.2-fold and DT90 2.8-4.5-fold) when continuously irradiated in comparison to dark aquatic sediment. Both fungicides had a significant prolonging effect on the biodegradation rate of the herbicide. In the presence of fungicides, DT90 values increased 1.5-fold in the irradiated, and 2.5-fold in the dark systems. Additionally, algae may have influenced the metabolization of the herbicide in the irradiated systems, where shorter DT90 values were evaluated. Even so, the algal influence was concluded to be indirect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Wijntjes
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland.
| | - Yanik Weber
- Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Höger
- Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karpov SA, Moreira D, Mamkaeva MA, Popova OV, Aleoshin VV, López-García P. New Member of Gromochytriales (Chytridiomycetes)-Apiochytrium granulosporum nov. gen. et sp. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:582-591. [PMID: 30460733 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences of nearly any species of Chytridiomycota has typically challenged traditional classification and triggered taxonomic revision. This has often led to the establishment of new taxa which, normally, appears well supported by zoospore ultrastructure, which provides diagnostic characters. To construct a meaningful and comprehensive classification of Chytridiomycota, the combination of molecular phylogenies and morphological studies of traditionally defined chytrid species is needed. In this work, we have studied morphological and ultrastructural features based on light and transmission electron microscopy as well as molecular phylogenetic analysis of a parasite (strain X-124 CCPP ZIN RAS) morphologically similar to Rhizophydium granulosporum living on the yellow-green alga Tribonema gayanum. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence of this strain supports that it represents a new genus and species affiliated to the recently established order Gromochytriales. The ultrastructure of X-124 confirms its phylogenetic position sister to Gromochytrium and serves as the basis for the description of the new genus and species Apiochytrium granulosporum. The 18S rRNA gene of A. granulosporum contains a S943 group I intron that carries a homing endonuclease pseudogene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Karpov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.,St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - David Moreira
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Maria A Mamkaeva
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Popova
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Aleoshin
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127994, Russian Federation
| | - Purificación López-García
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scholz B, Guillou L, Marano AV, Neuhauser S, Sullivan BK, Karsten U, Küpper FC, Gleason FH. Zoosporic parasites infecting marine diatoms - A black box that needs to be opened. FUNGAL ECOL 2016; 19:59-76. [PMID: 28083074 DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms in aquatic ecosystems are almost constantly confronted by pathogens. Nevertheless, very little is known about diseases of marine diatoms, the main primary producers of the oceans. Only a few examples of marine diatoms infected by zoosporic parasites are published, yet these studies suggest that diseases may have significant impacts on the ecology of individual diatom hosts and the composition of communities at both the producer and consumer trophic levels of food webs. Here we summarize available ecological and morphological data on chytrids, aphelids, stramenopiles (including oomycetes, labyrinthuloids, and hyphochytrids), parasitic dinoflagellates, cercozoans and phytomyxids, all of which are known zoosporic parasites of marine diatoms. Difficulties in identification of host and pathogen species and possible effects of environmental parameters on the prevalence of zoosporic parasites are discussed. Based on published data, we conclude that zoosporic parasites are much more abundant in marine ecosystems than the available literature reports, and that, at present, both the diversity and the prevalence of such pathogens are underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Scholz
- BioPol ehf., Einbúastig 2, 545 Skagaströnd, Iceland; Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, Borgir v. Nordurslod, IS 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Laure Guillou
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff cedex, France
| | - Agostina V Marano
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Av. Miguel Stéfano 3687, 04301-912, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brooke K Sullivan
- Department of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology & Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frithjof C Küpper
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh AB41 6AA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H Gleason
- School of Biological Sciences FO7, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Henderson L, Pilgaard B, Gleason FH, Lilje O. Copper (II) lead (II), and zinc (II) reduce growth and zoospore release in four zoosporic true fungi from soils of NSW, Australia. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:648-55. [PMID: 26058540 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the responses of a group of four zoosporic true fungi isolated from soils in NSW Australia, to concentrations of toxic metals in the laboratory that may be found in polluted soils. All isolates showed greatest sensitivity to Cu and least sensitivity to Pb. All isolates showed significant reduction in growth at 60 ppm (0.94 mmol m(-3)) for Cu, while three declined significantly at 60 ppm (0.92 mmol m(-3)) Zn. The growth of two isolates declined significantly at 100 ppm (0.48 mmol m(-3)) Pb and one at 200 ppm (0.96 mmol m(-3)) Pb. The rate of production of zoospores for all isolates was reduced when sporangia were grown in solid PYG media with 60 ppm Cu. Three isolates significantly declined in production at 60 ppm Zn and three at 100 ppm Pb. All isolates recovered growth after incubation in solid media with 60 ppm Zn or 100 ppm Pb. Two isolates did not recover growth after incubation in 60 ppm Cu. If these metals cause similar effects in the field, Cu, Pb, and Zn contamination of NSW soils is likely to reduce biomass of zoosporic true fungi. Loss of the fungi may reduce the rate of mineralisation of soil organic matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Henderson
- School of Biological Sciences, Macleay Building A12, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Bo Pilgaard
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank H Gleason
- School of Biological Sciences, Macleay Building A12, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Osu Lilje
- School of Biological Sciences, Macleay Building A12, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|