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Venson AH, Jacinto PA, Sbicca A. Cognitive Dissonance in the Self-assessed Health in Brazil: A CUB Model Analysis Using 2013 National Health Survey Data. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2023; 57:1284-1311. [PMID: 37202583 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-023-09768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study ai ms to verify and analyze the existence of cognitive dissonance in the self-assessment of health by individuals in Brazil, that is, the difference between self-rated health and the health status of individuals. To accomplish this, we use data from the 2013 National Health Survey, which collected the self-assessments that individuals made of their health and information about their health status. This information was used to build indices that seek to represent a person's health status in relation to chronic illnesses, physical and mental well-being, eating habits and lifestyle. To identify the presence of cognitive dissonance, the CUB (Combination of a discrete Uniform and shifted Binomial distributions) model was used, which relates self-assessed health with the developed indices. Cognitive dissonance was identified in self-assessed health in relation to eating habits and lifestyle, and this dissonance may be associated with a present bias in the self-assessment of health in Brazil.
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Salaghe F, Guerrero F, Jones D, Nichols MW, Sundali J. Behavioral Responses to Losses Disguised as Wins: A Field Study of Slot Machine Players. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1155-1174. [PMID: 36609723 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a field study examining the effect of losses disguised as wins (LDWs) on subsequent slot machine gambler betting behavior. An LDW occurs when the amount won is less than the amount bet. Using non-experimental, individual transaction gambling data, we examine post LDW betting behavior in a panel of 42,669 gamblers and 17 million slot machine plays. The primary empirical findings include: (1) streaks of three LDWs greater than 75% of the original amount bet lead slot gamblers to increase the amount bet on the next spin; (2) streaks of three LDWs less than 25% of the original amount bet results in gamblers decreasing their bet size on the next spin; (3) slot machine gamblers play faster following streaks of three LDWs compared to losses. We interpret these behavioral findings of differing outcomes associated with small versus large LDWs as consistent with a cognitive dissonance effect (Festinger, 1957). Specifically, the disconnect between the amount "won" (actually lost) and the audio and video stimulus produced by the slot machine highlighting the LDW, produces a dissonance-related arousal that players seek to avoid or reduce leading to changes in betting behavior. Our results complement the experimental findings on LDWs and suggest that the size of the LDW matters in examining the impact on gambling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Salaghe
- Department of Economics, Benedictine University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Managerial Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Mark W Nichols
- Department of Economics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - James Sundali
- Department of Managerial Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Abstract
In the last few decades much effort has been devoted to developing prevention programs for eating disorders, as most individuals with these pathologies do not receive treatment and tend to become chronic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cognitive dissonance and media literacy intervention aimed at preventing eating disorders in female adolescents. Eighty-eight female students (aged 12-17) from Argentina, participated in a 3-session program. Adolescents completed a baseline, post-intervention and a 6-month follow-up survey. A significant decrease in thin-ideal internalization, body image concerns, influence of advertising, drive for thinness and bulimic attitudes was found at post-intervention. In addition, the number of participants with disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors decreased at post-intervention. Results for body image concerns and drive for thinness were maintained at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Elizathe
- a Facultad de Psicología , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Brenda Murawski
- a Facultad de Psicología , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Luz Scappatura
- a Facultad de Psicología , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Leonora Lievendag
- a Facultad de Psicología , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Jesica Custodio
- a Facultad de Psicología , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Wang Y, Huang A, Gan L, Bao Y, Zhu W, Hu Y, Ma L, Wei S, Lan Y. Screening of Potential Genes and Transcription Factors of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction via Bioinformatics Methods. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:503-510. [PMID: 29374768 PMCID: PMC5791419 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the potential genes and transcription factors involved in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) via bioinformatics analysis. Material/Methods GSE95070 miRNA expression profiles were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, which included five hippocampal tissues from POCD mice and controls. Moreover, the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) between the two groups were identified. In addition, the target genes of DEMs were predicted using Targetscan 7.1, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, functional enrichment analysis, pathway analysis, and prediction of transcription factors (TFs) targeting the potential targets. Results A total of eight DEMs were obtained, and 823 target genes were predicted, including 170 POCD-associated genes. Furthermore, potential key genes in the network were remarkably enriched in focal adhesion, protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, and Wnt and MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusions Most potential target genes were involved in the regulation of TFs, including LEF1, SP1, and AP4, which may exert strong impact on the development of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Ailan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Weilin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Shiyang Wei
- Department of Gynecology, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuyan Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical
University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
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Glod SA, Richard D, Gordon P, Fecile ML, Kees-Folts D, Kreher M, Moser EM, Wolpaw DR, Yang C, Haidet P. A Curriculum for Clerkship Students to Foster Professionalism Through Reflective Practice and Identity Formation. MedEdPORTAL 2016; 12:10416. [PMID: 31008196 PMCID: PMC6464454 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research suggests that students become less patient-centered and empathetic in response to both internal and external factors, including the organizational culture, or hidden curriculum, of medical school. Students often feel compelled to make compromises when they experience tension between competing values in clinical teaching environments. To address this, we implemented a modular, longitudinal professionalism curriculum for third-year medical students, based on a conceptual model that highlights a student's ideal, as well as the internal and environmental forces that can either sustain or change their ideal over time. METHODS As students progressed through the third year, they participated in various modules linked to different clerkships, each focusing on a different aspect of the conceptual model. Each module includes a reflective writing exercise followed by a faculty-facilitated discussion. RESULTS In general, students rated the group discussions and faculty facilitation as the most useful parts of each session and the writing exercises as the least useful. Written comments were mostly favorable and suggested that the session facilitated self-reflection and provided a safe environment for students to discuss stressors of third-year clerkships. DISCUSSION This curriculum represents a unique approach to fostering professional role formation through its broad potential applicability to multiple types and levels of learners, its adaptability to fit various course lengths and learning environments, and its incorporation of a conceptual model that allows individual learners to address different facets of the sustaining and acculturating forces that impact their personal professional identity formation for future encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Glod
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| | - David Richard
- Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Patricia Gordon
- Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Mary Lynn Fecile
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Deborah Kees-Folts
- Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Margaret Kreher
- Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Eileen M. Moser
- Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
- Associate Dean for Medical Education, Office of Medical Education, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Daniel R. Wolpaw
- Professor, Departments of Medicine and Humanities, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Chengwu Yang
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University
- Measurement Specialist, Office for Scholarship in Learning and Education Research, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Paul Haidet
- Director of Medical Education Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
- Co-Director, Office for Scholarship in Learning and Education Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
- Professor, Departments of Medicine, Humanities, and Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
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Abstract
Although much is known about the consequences of rejection sensitivity (RS), less is known about its social antecedents, particularly during development. Despite research demonstrating the role of peer rejection in the development and maintenance of problematic social schema like RS, little is known about why some youth are more susceptible to these negative consequences than others. We examined how relational valuation might moderate the effects of peer rejection on RS in a sample of 294 youth (138 boys) who made the transition from middle to high school. Results from path analysis revealed that 8th grade peer rejection was most highly associated with 9th grade RS for youth who held high regard for social relationships. Findings demonstrate the importance of examining cognitive moderators in the links between negative social experiences and problematic social schema, and highlight the need to move beyond simple main effects models for understanding the heterogeneity of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wang
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kristina L McDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Kenneth H Rubin
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Brett Laursen
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
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