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Zhu Y, Yue L, Zhang Q, Sun J. Modeling distracted driving behavior considering cognitive processes. Accid Anal Prev 2024; 202:107602. [PMID: 38701561 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The modeling of distracted driving behavior has been studied for many years, however, there remain many distraction phenomena that can not be fully modeled. This study proposes a new method that establishes the model using the queuing network model human processor (QN-MHP) framework. Unlike previous models that only consider distracted-driving-related human factors from a mathematical perspective, the proposed method reflects the information processing in the human brain, and simulates the distracted driver's cognitive processes based on a model structure supported by physiological and cognitive research evidence. Firstly, a cumulative activation effect model for external stimuli is adopted to mimic the phenomenon that a driver responds only to stimuli above a certain threshold. Then, dual-task queuing and switching mechanisms are modeled to reflect the cognitive resource allocation under distraction. Finally, the driver's action is modeled by the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM). The model is developed for visual distraction auditory distraction separately. 773 distracted car-following events from the Shanghai Naturalistic Driving Study data were used to calibrate and verify the model. Results show that the model parameters are more uniform and reasonable. Meanwhile, the model accuracy has improved by 57% and 66% compared to the two baseline models respectively. Moreover, the model demonstrates its ability to generate critical pre-crash scenarios and estimate the crash rate of distracted driving. The proposed model is expected to contribute to safety research regarding new vehicle technologies and traffic safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhu
- Department of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, No. 4800, Cao'an road, Shanghai 201804, China.
| | - Lishengsa Yue
- Department of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, No. 4800, Cao'an road, Shanghai 201804, China.
| | - Qunli Zhang
- HUAWEI Technologies Co. LTD, 2012 Lab, Huawei Headquarters Office Building, Bantian Street, Longgang District, Shenzhen 518129, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, No. 4800, Cao'an road, Shanghai 201804, China.
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2
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Hu Y, Saleem A. Insight from the association between critical thinking and English argumentative writing: catering to English learners' writing ability. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16435. [PMID: 38025684 PMCID: PMC10666613 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction English argumentative writing (EAW) is a 'problem-solving' cognitive process, and its relationship with critical thinking has drawn attention in China. This is because fostering EAW proficiency is a crucial element but a challenging task for Chinese high school English teaching and learning. The present study examined how critical thinking is related to Chinese high school students' EAW performance. The study identified eight critical thinking disposition (CTD) subscales and aims to determine whether EAW and CTD are correlated. Methods A questionnaire modified from the Chinese Version Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CTDI-CV) and the Evaluation Criteria for English Argumentative Writing (ECEAW) were employed in this study. Both instruments were administered to 156 students from Grade 12. A purposive sampling of high school students was used in this study. Student EAW performance was scored by two experts based on the Evaluation Criteria for English Argumentative Writing. Results A significant relationship was found between students' CTD and EAW abilities. Furthermore, among the eight CTD subdispositions, cognitive maturity, truth-seeking, analyticity, and justice were found to be positively correlated with EAW, and they all were found to be the main predictors of EAW proficiency among high school students. Conclusion Zhangzhou high school students' CTDs were overall positive, and students' EAW performance correlated significantly with the overall CTD and its four subdispositions of cognitive maturity, truth-seeking, analyticity, and justice. These four subdispositions showed a significantly predictive validity on EAW performance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Hu
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
- Pinghu Normal College, Jiaxing University, Pinghu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Atif Saleem
- School of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
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Zhang H, Meng C, Di X, Wu X, Biswal B. Static and dynamic functional connectome reveals reconfiguration profiles of whole-brain network across cognitive states. Netw Neurosci 2023; 7:1034-1050. [PMID: 37781145 PMCID: PMC10473282 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of functional connectivity (FC) has revealed a great deal of knowledge about the macroscale spatiotemporal organization of the brain network. Recent studies found task-versus-rest network reconfigurations were crucial for cognitive functioning. However, brain network reconfiguration remains unclear among different cognitive states, considering both aggregate and time-resolved FC profiles. The current study utilized static FC (sFC, i.e., long timescale aggregate FC) and sliding window-based dynamic FC (dFC, i.e., short timescale time-varying FC) approaches to investigate the similarity and alterations of edge weights and network topology at different cognitive loads, particularly their relationships with specific cognitive process. Both dFC/sFC networks showed subtle but significant reconfigurations that correlated with task performance. At higher cognitive load, brain network reconfiguration displayed increased functional integration in the sFC-based aggregate network, but faster and larger variability of modular reorganization in the dFC-based time-varying network, suggesting difficult tasks require more integrated and flexible network reconfigurations. Moreover, sFC-based network reconfigurations mainly linked with the sensorimotor and low-order cognitive processes, but dFC-based network reconfigurations mainly linked with the high-order cognitive process. Our findings suggest that reconfiguration profiles of sFC/dFC networks provide specific information about cognitive functioning, which could potentially be used to study brain function and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun Meng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Xiao Wu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
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Liu Y, Odic D, Tang X, Ma A, Laricheva M, Chen G, Wu S, Niu M, Guo Y, Milner-Bolotin M. Effects of Robotics Education on Young Children's Cognitive Development: a Pilot Study with Eye-Tracking. J Sci Educ Technol 2023; 32:295-308. [PMID: 37113265 PMCID: PMC9988604 DOI: 10.1007/s10956-023-10028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of robotics education (RE) is a new and rapidly growing subject area worldwide. It may provide a playful and novel learning environment for children to engage with all aspects of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning. The purpose of this research is to examine how robotics learning activities may affect the cognitive abilities and cognitive processes of 6-8 years old children. The study adopted the mixed methods approach with a repeated measures design; three waves of data collection over 6 months, including quantitative data obtained from cognitive assessments and eye-tracking, and qualitative data from the interviews. A total of 31 children were recruited from an afterschool robotics program. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first RE research that used a combination of eye-tracking, cognitive assessments, and interviews for examining the effect of RE on children. Using linear growth models, the results of cognitive assessments showed that children's visuospatial working memory as well as logical and abstract reasoning skills improved over time. The interview data were analyzed by a thematic analysis. The results revealed that children perceived RE activities as game play, which made children more engaged in their study; parents found their children to be more focused on activities comparing to six months ago. Additionally, the visualization of the eye-tracking data suggested that children became more focused on RE activities and got faster to process the information across six months in general, which echoed the findings in assessments and interviews. Our findings may help educators and policymakers better understand the benefits of RE for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, B546 Loeb | 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Darko Odic
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Xuyan Tang
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology & Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Andy Ma
- Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Maria Laricheva
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology & Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Guanyu Chen
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology & Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Sirui Wu
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology & Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Man Niu
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology & Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology & Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Marina Milner-Bolotin
- Department of Curriculum and Pedagogy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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Lin CH, Lu FJ, Gill DL, Huang KSK, Wu SC, Chiu YH. Combinations of action observation and motor imagery on golf putting's performance. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13432. [PMID: 35578670 PMCID: PMC9107300 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) have been found to enhance motor performance, but recent research found that a combination of action observation and motor imagery (AOMI) together is even better. Despite this initial finding, the most effective way to combine them is unknown. The present study examined the effects of synchronized (i e., concurrently doing AO and MI), asynchronised (i.e., first doing AO then MI), and progressive (first asynchronised approach, then doing synchronized approach) AOMI on golf putting performance and learning. We recruited 45 university students (Mage = 20.18 + 1.32 years; males = 23, females = 22) and randomly assigned them into the following four groups: synchronized group (S-AOMI), asynchronised group (A-AOMI), progressive group (A-S-AOMI), and a control group with a pre-post research design. Participants engaged in a 6-week (three times/per-week) intervention, plus two retention tests. A two-way (group × time) mixed ANOVA statistical analysis found that the three experimental groups performed better than the control group after intervention. However, we found progressive and asynchronised had better golf putting scores than synchronized group and the control group on the retention tests. Our results advance knowledge in AOMI research, but it needs more research to reveal the best way of combining AOMI in the future. Theoretical implications, limitations, applications, and future suggestions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsian Lin
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Frank J.H. Lu
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Diane L. Gill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States of America
| | - Ken Shih-Kuei Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Wu
- Center for General Education, Ling-Tung University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gagnon J, Quansah JE, Saleh G, Levin C. Is Splitting Related to Resistance to Proactive Interference? A Process-Oriented Study of Kernberg's Conceptualization of Splitting. Psychopathology 2022; 55:345-361. [PMID: 35691285 PMCID: PMC9677828 DOI: 10.1159/000525006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Splitting, as a defense mechanism in Kernberg's theory, plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of polarized and oscillating representations of self/other characteristics of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although the notion of splitting can be considered from a structural and a functional point of view, almost all empirical studies to date have focused on the former elements to the detriment of related cognitive processes. METHODS To further investigate the cognitive processes related to splitting, 60 participants were administered the Splitting Index and indexes of resistance to proactive interference (PI) using the interpersonal recent negative task with words that reflect negative or positive interactions compared to neutral words. RESULTS The use of splitting was uniquely and significantly predicted by a higher capacity to resist PI and a lower capacity to consistently maintain this resistance when presented with negative words, above and beyond BPD traits, primitive defenses, and the presentation of neutral words. Results showed no evidence of a relationship between splitting and resistance to PI with positive words. CONCLUSION Results appear compatible with Kernberg's conceptualization of splitting as an active defense process that relates to an unstable capacity to inhibit negative representations of the object from entering working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joyce Emma Quansah
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gasser Saleh
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Levin
- Canadian Institute of Psychoanalysis, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Kan Y, Xue W, Zhao H, Wang X, Guo X, Duan H. The discrepant effect of acute stress on cognitive inhibition and response inhibition. Conscious Cogn 2021; 91:103131. [PMID: 33862365 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how acute stress impinges on individual's cognitive inhibition and response inhibition abilities. Electroencephalography was adopted when 35 healthy adult females performing the No Go Flanker task before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Both inhibition processes evoked N2 and P3 components, but only the response inhibition evoked the late positive potential (LPP), indicating the response inhibition needed continuous cognitive effort to inhibit the prepotent response. The N2 and the P3 amplitudes were decreased, while the LPP amplitudes were increased under acute stress. These results suggested that acute stress caused the detrimental effect by occupying cognitive resources. Contrastingly, individuals actively regulated and made more efforts to counteract the detrimental effect of acute stress on response inhibition. Thus, acute stress impaired cognitive inhibition but did not affect response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecui Kan
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenlong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hanxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haijun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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Tejo M, Araya H, Niklitschek-Soto S, Marmolejo-Ramos F. Theoretical models of reaction times arising from simple-choice tasks. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 13:409-416. [PMID: 31354885 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we present a group of theoretical models for reaction times arising from simple-choice task tests. In particular, we argue for the inclusion of a shifted version of the Gamma distribution as a theoretical model based on a mathematical result on first hitting times. We contrast the goodness-of-fit of those models with the Ex-Gaussian distribution, using data from recently published experiments. The evidence of the results obtained highlights the convenience of proposing theoretical models for reaction times instead of models acting exclusively as quantitative distribution measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Tejo
- 1Departamento de Matemática, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Araya
- 2Instituto de Estadística, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Yazdi-Ravandi S, Shamsaei F, Matinnia N, Shams J, Moghimbeigi A, Ghaleiha A, Ahmadpanah M. Cognitive Process in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Analytic Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 9:448-457. [PMID: 30719259 PMCID: PMC6359683 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.6.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent studies, deficit in cognitive process has been investigated as one of the etiological hypotheses in a wide range of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This research aimed to compare cognitive process in patients with OCD and healthy groups. Methods: In the current cross-sectional analytic study, 43 patients with OCD and 43 healthy individuals matched with gender, age, educational and marital status were selected by convenience sampling method and assessed by Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test (WCST), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). The obtained data were analyzed with Chi-square, Independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation in SPSS version16. Results: There was no difference between the patients with OCD and the healthy group in demographic characteristics (P>0.05). There was a significant differences between two group on the all subscale of WCST test and PASAT3, PASAT2 tests (P<0.01). These findings indicate that the OCD patient’s performance in cognitive process was significantly worse than the healthy controls. Conclusion: The findings indicate that individuals with OCD suffer from a deficiency in various aspects of cognitive processes. Therefore, paying attention to these deficiencies can make an important contribution to the treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Yazdi-Ravandi
- Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farshid Shamsaei
- Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Matinnia
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamal Shams
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Moghimbeigi
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghaleiha
- Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadpanah
- Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Lin HC, Grisham M. Distressed yet empathically sensitive: Preschoolers' responses to infant crying. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 49:46-9. [PMID: 28711768 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using a simulated long bout of progressively intense infant crying, this study demonstrated that preschoolers responded with infant-oriented empathic concern and helping actions despite evidence of self-focused distress. Preschoolers' helping actions were predicted by the interaction between empathic concern and cognitive inquiry.
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Miura H, Itoh Y. The effect of the feeling of resolution and recognition performance on the revelation effect. Conscious Cogn 2016; 45:100-108. [PMID: 27580461 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fact that engaging in a cognitive task before a recognition task increases the probability of "old" responses is known as the revelation effect. We used several cognitive tasks to examine whether the feeling of resolution, a key construct of the occurrence mechanism of the revelation effect, is related to the occurrence of the revelation effect. The results show that the revelation effect was not caused by a visual search task, which elicited the feeling of resolution, but caused by an unsolvable anagram task and an articulatory suppression task, which did not elicit the feeling of resolution. These results suggest that the revelation effect is not related to the feeling of resolution. Moreover, the revelation effect was likely to occur in participants who performed poorly on the recognition task. The result suggests that the revelation effect is inclined to occur when people depend more on familiarity than on recollection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miura
- Keio Advanced Research Centers, Keio University, Japan.
| | - Yuji Itoh
- Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Japan
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Akatsuka K, Yamashiro K, Nakazawa S, Mitsuzono R, Maruyama A. Acute aerobic exercise influences the inhibitory process in the go/no-go task in humans. Neurosci Lett 2015; 600:80-4. [PMID: 26057342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of acute aerobic exercise on the human inhibitory system. For studies on the neural mechanisms of somato-motor inhibitory processing in humans, the go/no-go task is a useful paradigm for recording event-related potentials. Ten subjects performed somatosensory go/no-go tasks in a control condition and exercise condition. In the control condition, the subjects performed the go/no-go task before and after 20 min of rest. In the exercise condition, the subjects performed the go/no-go task before and after 15 min of treadmill running with the exercise intensity set individually for each subject at 50% of peak oxygen intake. We successfully recorded a clear-cut N140 component under all conditions, and found that the peak amplitude of no-go-N140 at Fz and Cz was significantly enhanced during moderate exercise. In contrast, there were no significant changes in Fz and Cz in the control condition. These results suggest that moderate exercise can affect the amplitude of no-go-N140, which could be interpreted as an index of the human inhibition process in the central nervous system. The human inhibitory system is an important cognitive process, and this system may underlie the hypothetical ability of physical exercise to maintain and improve cognitive performance throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Akatsuka
- Department of Liberal Arts, Kurume National College of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Koya Yamashiro
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sho Nakazawa
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Mitsuzono
- Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Maruyama
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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Chen R, Herskovits EH. Examining the multifactorial nature of a cognitive process using Bayesian brain-behavior modeling. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2014; 41:117-25. [PMID: 24880892 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Establishing relationships among brain structures and cognitive functions is a central task in cognitive neuroscience. Existing methods to establish associations among a set of function variables and a set of brain regions, such as dissociation logic and conjunction analysis, are hypothesis-driven. We propose a new data-driven approach to structure-function association analysis. We validated it by analyzing a simulated atrophy study. We applied the proposed method to a study of aging and dementia. We found that the most significant age-related and dementia-related volume reductions were in the hippocampal formation and the supramarginal gyrus, respectively. These findings suggest a multi-component brain-aging model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Edward H Herskovits
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Wang Z, Busemeyer JR, Atmanspacher H, Pothos EM. The potential of using quantum theory to build models of cognition. Top Cogn Sci 2013; 5:672-88. [PMID: 24027215 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantum cognition research applies abstract, mathematical principles of quantum theory to inquiries in cognitive science. It differs fundamentally from alternative speculations about quantum brain processes. This topic presents new developments within this research program. In the introduction to this topic, we try to answer three questions: Why apply quantum concepts to human cognition? How is quantum cognitive modeling different from traditional cognitive modeling? What cognitive processes have been modeled using a quantum account? In addition, a brief introduction to quantum probability theory and a concrete example is provided to illustrate how a quantum cognitive model can be developed to explain paradoxical empirical findings in psychological literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- School of Communication, Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The Ohio State University
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Hutzler F. Reverse inference is not a fallacy per se: cognitive processes can be inferred from functional imaging data. Neuroimage 2013; 84:1061-9. [PMID: 23313571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When inferring the presence of a specific cognitive process from observed brain activation a kind of reasoning is applied that is called reverse inference. Poldrack (2006) rightly criticized the careless use of reverse inference. As a consequence, reverse inference is assumed as intrinsically weak by many and its validity has been increasingly regarded as limited. Although it is undisputed that the careless use of reverse inference is a problematic practice, the current view of reverse inference is to the author's opinion overly pessimistic. The present manuscript provides a revised formulation of reverse inference that includes an additional conditional constraint that has been previously acknowledged, but so far not implemented: the task-setting. This revised formulation I.) reveals that reverse inference can have high predictive power (as demonstrated by an example estimation) and II.) allows an estimation of reverse inference on the basis of meta-analyses instead of large-scale databases. It is concluded that reverse inference cannot be disregarded as a fallacy per se. Rather, the predictive power of reverse inference can even be "decisive"-dependent on the cognitive process of interest, the specific brain region activated, and the task-setting used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hutzler
- Centre for Neurocognitive Research & Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Osmanova S, Sezer E, Turan V, Zeybek B, Cosan Terek M, Kanıt L. The effects of raloxifene treatment on oxidative status in brain tissues and learning process of ovariectomized rats. Iran J Reprod Med 2011; 9:295-300. [PMID: 26396579 PMCID: PMC4576431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of estrogene on central nervous system are still controversial. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of raloxifene on the antioxidant enzyme [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in brain homogenates of ovariectomized female rats and its effect on cognitive process of learning. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female Sprague Dawley rats (n=24) were divided into three groups. Three weeks after ovariectomy; nonovariectomized group (control group) (n=8) was given physiological saline (SP) as placebo. First ovariectomized group (n=8) received raloxifene 1mg/kg dissolved in a 1% solution of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) subcutaneusly (sc) and second group of ovariectomized rats were given 1 % CMC 1mg/kg (sc) every day for 14 days. Learning behaviors of rats were evaluated in active avoidence cage with using sound and electrical stimulation. The levels of oxidative stress (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) in different regions of the brain homogenates were compared between three groups of decapitated rats. RESULTS Raloxifene had a significant attenuating effect on the levels of MDA in brain tissues suggesting raloxifene's effect against lipid peroxidation at the end of training days. With the comparison of brain regions, cortex showed the highest average activity of SOD and CAT and cerebellum had the lowest average levels for both. Its effects on learning and cognitive process with active avoidence task were considered insignificant. CONCLUSION Raloxifene treatment may have preventive effects for the brain against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süreyya Osmanova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Sezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Volkan Turan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Burak Zeybek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Cosan Terek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Lutfiye Kanıt
- Department of Physiology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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