1
|
Tabata R, Tabata C. Successful treatment of concurrent cold agglutinin disease and myelodysplastic syndrome. Transfus Apher Sci 2024; 63:103939. [PMID: 38678983 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2024.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a case of severe anemia presenting with myelodysplastic syndrome with cold agglutinin disease that was successfully treated by a moderate dose of steroids followed by cyclosporine. In patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, autoimmunity in erythroid cells is occasionally demonstrated, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia is seen in some patients. However, hemolytic anemia with cold agglutinin in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome is less common, and the effect of corticosteroids for autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by cold agglutinin is thought to be limited. Although the elevated levels of reticulocytes and LDH are usually caused by ineffective hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome, clinicians should be aware of latent cold agglutinin disease. In the present case, in addition to the improvement of erythroid dysplasia, the corticosteroid-sparing effect on cold agglutinin disease may have played a role in the mechanism underlying the effectiveness of cyclosporine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Tabata
- Department of Hematology, Saiseikai NOE Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Chiharu Tabata
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Musuuza JS, Kumar S, Posa DK, Hans A, Nayyar S, Christensen L, Kamoga GR. Cold Agglutinin Disease and COVID-19: A Scoping Review of Treatments and Outcomes. J Clin Med Res 2024; 16:8-14. [PMID: 38327389 PMCID: PMC10846489 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr5102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Reports suggest that patients with both acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and cold agglutinin disease (CAD) may experience poorer survival when treated with rituximab. We conducted a scoping review to evaluate severe outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality, in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with CAD on various treatments, including rituximab. Methods This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Four literature databases were searched on December 19, 2023, for studies reporting lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and CAD, excluding rheumatological conditions. Results Of the 741 screened articles, 19 were included. Studies, predominantly case reports (17/19) or case series (2/19), were mainly from the USA (8/19) and India (3/19), with others across Europe and Asia. Among 23 patients (61% female, median age 61 years), 21/23 had a new CAD diagnosis; only two had pre-existing CAD. Overall, 74% recovered, 21% died, and outcomes for one were unreported. Nine (39%) were ICU-admitted. Of rituximab-treated patients (n = 4), 25% were ICU-admitted, none died. Non-rituximab treatments (n = 19) saw 42% ICU admissions and 26% mortality. Conclusions This review found no increased risk of severe outcomes in CAD and COVID-19 patients treated with rituximab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S Musuuza
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| | - Silpa Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| | - Dheeraj Kumar Posa
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| | - Aakash Hans
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| | - Sankett Nayyar
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| | - Leslie Christensen
- Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gilbert-Roy Kamoga
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohamed A, Alkhatib M, Alshurafa A, El Omri H. Refractory cold agglutinin disease successfully treated with daratumumab. A case report and review of literature. Hematology 2023; 28:2252651. [PMID: 37664905 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2023.2252651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The disease is caused by cold reactive autoantibodies that induce hemolysis through the activation of the complement pathway. Most patients with CAD are elderly, and half may have refractory CAD that may not respond to the first-line treatment option (i.e. rituximab). Some cases are refractory to multiple lines of therapy, including chemotherapeutic agents, which might be toxic, especially for elderly patients. Daratumumab is a human monoclonal antibody targeting CD 38 glycoprotein, a transmembrane protein highly expressed in lymphoid and plasma cells. Daratumumab is currently approved for treating multiple myeloma and is used mainly as a combination therapy with other agents. CASE PRESENTATION Our patient is a 69-year-old female diagnosed with CAD after presenting with severe anemia and significant circulatory symptoms. Rituximab was not effective in controlling her disease, and she refused other available chemotherapeutic agents due to their side effects profile. We used daratumumab combined with erythropoietin, which led to a dramatic response measured by stabilizing her hemoglobin levels and transfusion independence. CONCLUSION Our case is the third reported case of refractory CAD successfully treated with daratumumab, which suggests that daratumumab might be a potential agent for the treatment and control of refractory Cold Agglutinin Disease.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mitsuishi A, Miura Y, Saeki K, Nomura Y, Yoshifumi K, Yoshida K. Total arch replacement for an aortic arch aneurysm with cold agglutinin disease after rituximab and plasmapheresis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:281. [PMID: 37817219 PMCID: PMC10566192 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold agglutinin disease can lead to significant complications, especially for patients undergoing arch repair requiring hypothermic circulatory arrest. Rituximab and plasmapheresis are treatments for cold agglutinin disease. However, its use in patients with Stanford type A dissection has not been reported. Therefore, after consultation with hematologists, we used rituximab and plasmapheresis before mild hypothermic aortic arch surgery to maintain the body temperature above the thermal altitude. CASE PRESENTATION This report describes an 86-year-old male patient with acute type A aortic dissection who received outpatient treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and a 55-mm thoracic aortic aneurysm. The patient was scheduled to undergo urgent surgery for a type A intramural hematoma and progressive aortic aneurysm; however, laboratory test results indicated blood clotting and cold agglutinin. Consequently, urgent surgery was rescheduled. After consulting with hematologists, rituximab was initiated 3 months before surgery, and plasmapheresis was performed 2 days before surgery for cold agglutinin disease. Under mild hypothermia conditions, total arch replacement using the frozen elephant trunk technique was performed while maintaining cerebral and lower body perfusion. The postoperative course was uneventful. On postoperative day 42, the patient was discharged without any neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS This case involving total arch replacement with mild hypothermia for an aortic arch aneurysm with cold agglutinin disease after rituximab treatment and plasmapheresis resulted in a successful outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyuki Mitsuishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Kochi Medical School, 185-1, Kohasu, Nankoku-shi, Okohcho, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Yujiro Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Kochi Medical School, 185-1, Kohasu, Nankoku-shi, Okohcho, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Saeki
- Department of Hematology Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime Prefecture, Kasugamachi, 790-0024, 83, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nomura
- Department of Clinical Engineering Kochi Medical School, 185-1, Kohasu, Nankoku-shi, Okohcho, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Katsumata Yoshifumi
- Department of Anesthesiology and intensive Care Medicine Kochi Medical School, 185-1, Kohasu, Nankoku-shi, Okohcho, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Kochi Medical School, 185-1, Kohasu, Nankoku-shi, Okohcho, Kochi Prefecture, 783-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fukatsu M, Hamazaki Y, Sato Y, Koyama D, Ikezoe T. A case of cold agglutinin syndrome associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia harbouring mutations in CARD11 and KMT2D. Int J Hematol 2023; 118:472-476. [PMID: 37133636 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (cAIHA) caused by IgM antibodies recognizing I antigens on erythrocytes. cAIHA is now mainly classified into two types: primary CAD and cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS). CAS develops in association with the underlying disease, which is most commonly malignant lymphoma. Recent studies have identified gene mutations in CARD11 and KMT2D in a high proportion of patients with CAD, which has led to recognition of CAD as an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder. We herein report a case of cAIHA without lymphocytosis or lymphadenopathy in whom bone marrow was infiltrated by a small population of clonal lymphocytes (6.8%) expressing cell surface markers consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Whole-exome sequencing of bone marrow mononuclear cells revealed mutations in the CARD11 and KMT2D genes. This patient also had somatic hypermutation with overrepresentation of IGHV4-34, which is prevalent in CLL harbouring the KMT2D mutation. These observations suggest that CAS caused by early-phase CLL could be misinterpreted as primary CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Fukatsu
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hamazaki
- Department of Hematology, Iwaki City Medical Center, Iwaki, 973-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyama
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guenther A, Tierens A, Malecka A, Delabie J. The Histopathology of Cold Agglutinin Disease-Associated B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2023; 160:229-237. [PMID: 37253147 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary cold agglutinin disease is a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by circulating antibodies against I antigen, a carbohydrate expressed on most cells, including red blood cells. The underlying disease has been characterized in recent years as a distinct B-cell lymphoproliferative disease of the bone marrow, occurring mostly in the elderly. The disease has been now been included as a separate entity in the most recent classifications of mature B-cell neoplasms. METHODS A review of the characteristics of cold agglutinin disease is provided, with an emphasis on the pathology features. RESULTS A detailed description of the histopathology, immunophenotype, and genetics of cold agglutinin disease is provided and compared to other B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases in the bone marrow with similar features. CONCLUSIONS Recognition of the pathology features of cold agglutinin disease allows to distinguish it from other diseases, especially lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guenther
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne Tierens
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jan Delabie
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balaja W, Schmidt P, Fenando A. Cold agglutinin disease: A case report with atypical clinical findings. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2023; 11:2050313X231191899. [PMID: 37654547 PMCID: PMC10467205 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x231191899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A female in her 60s presented to the allergy and immunology clinic for further investigation of ongoing dermatitis. She presented with chronic acrocyanosis, mainly in her left lower extremity, extending distally from her mid thigh with concurrent ulcerations in her foot resulting in immobility secondary to pain. She experienced these symptoms for years without a definitive diagnosis. The lack of diagnosis was due, in part, to her atypical symptoms and laboratory findings that required a high level of clinical suspicion to diagnose. Extensive autoimmune workup was largely unrevealing with the exception of a cold agglutinin titer of 1:250 and a positive anticomplement C3b direct antiglobulin test. A diagnosis of cold agglutinin disease was made and treatment with rituximab monotherapy was initiated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Balaja
- Department of Rheumatology & Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paul Schmidt
- Department of Rheumatology & Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ardy Fenando
- Department of Rheumatology & Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miyoshi T, Masada T, Kono F, Imashuku S. Low-grade B cell lymphoma in the perirenal space of the left kidney associated with high titer cold agglutinin disease. Am J Blood Res 2023; 13:104-109. [PMID: 37455703 PMCID: PMC10349293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a subgroup of autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by monoclonal cold agglutinins produced by clonally expanded B lymphocytes. In primary CAD, lymphoproliferative bone marrow disorder is noted, while as one of the secondary cold agglutinin syndromes (CAS), the initial manifestation of CAD is followed by development of lymphoma. Here, we report a case of low-grade B cell lymphoma developed 3 months after an initial CAD diagnosis. The patient had an extremely high serum cold agglutinin titer (1:16,384) and slightly elevated serum IgM (452 mg/dL; reference, 31-200) with positive monoclonal IgM-kappa chain. After diagnosis of lymphoma-associated CAS, he was managed successfully with six cycles of a BR (bendamustine and rituximab) regimen. Cold agglutinin titers fell rapidly to 1:2048 at 5 months and to 1:512 at 10 months after chemotherapy, and the patient has been in a complete remission for 34 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyoshi
- Division of Hematology, Uji-Tokushukai Medical CenterUji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Tomoya Masada
- Department of Radiology, Uji-Tokushukai Medical CenterUji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kono
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Uji-Tokushukai Medical CenterUji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Imashuku
- Division of Hematology, Uji-Tokushukai Medical CenterUji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Uji-Tokushukai Medical CenterUji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Broome CM. Complement-directed therapy for cold agglutinin disease: sutimlimab. Expert Rev Hematol 2023. [PMID: 37256550 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2218611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare subtype of autoimmune hemolytic anemia defined as a distinct, low-grade lymphoproliferative disorder and characterized by the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies that recognize the "I" antigen on red blood cell membranes. Hemolysis in CAD is mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway by IgM-antigen complexes. Sutimlimab directly targets classical complement pathway activation and has been shown to be generally well tolerated with rapid and sustained effects on hemoglobin levels, hemolytic markers, and fatigue in patients with CAD. AREAS COVERED This review will outline the drug profile of sutimlimab and summarize the key efficacy and safety data focusing on the Phase 3 studies that formed the basis of the approval of sutimlimab in patients with CAD in the US, EU, and Japan. EXPERT OPINION Sutimlimab provides patients with an approved therapeutic option that can be used as part of an holistic approach to CAD management. The beneficial effects of sutimlimab go beyond rapid inhibition of hemolysis and include sustained meaningful improvements in fatigue and quality-of-life measures. Further real-world evidence of the effectiveness and safety of sutimlimab in CAD and cold agglutinin syndrome will be assessed via the CADENCE registry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Broome
- Division of Hematology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Simmons K, Chan J, Hussain S, Rose EL, Markham K, Byun TS, Panicker S, Parry GC, Storek M. Anti-C1s humanized monoclonal antibody SAR445088: A classical pathway complement inhibitor specific for the active form of C1s. Clin Immunol 2023; 251:109629. [PMID: 37149117 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the complement-inhibiting activity of SAR445088, a novel monoclonal antibody specific for the active form of C1s. Wieslab® and hemolytic assays were used to demonstrate that SAR445088 is a potent, selective inhibitor of the classical pathway of complement. Specificity for the active form of C1s was confirmed in a ligand binding assay. Finally, TNT010 (a precursor to SAR445088) was assessed in vitro for its ability to inhibit complement activation associated with cold agglutinin disease (CAD). TNT010 inhibited C3b/iC3b deposition on human red blood cells incubated with CAD patient serum and decreased their subsequent phagocytosis by THP-1 cells. In summary, this study identifies SAR445088 as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of classical pathway-driven diseases and supports its continued assessment in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Chan
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA; Former Sanofi Employee Affiliated with Sanofi at Time of Study
| | - Sami Hussain
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA; Former Sanofi Employee Affiliated with Sanofi at Time of Study
| | - Eileen L Rose
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA; Former Sanofi Employee Affiliated with Sanofi at Time of Study
| | - Kate Markham
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA; Former Sanofi Employee Affiliated with Sanofi at Time of Study
| | - Tony S Byun
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA; Former Sanofi Employee Affiliated with Sanofi at Time of Study
| | - Sandip Panicker
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA; Former Sanofi Employee Affiliated with Sanofi at Time of Study
| | - Graham C Parry
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA; Former Sanofi Employee Affiliated with Sanofi at Time of Study
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okamoto S, Urade T, Yakushijin K, Kido M, Kuramitsu K, Komatsu S, Gon H, Yamashita H, Shirakawa S, Tsugawa D, Terai S, Yanagimoto H, Toyama H, Fukumoto T. Successful Management of Refractory Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with Cold Agglutinin Disease with Splenectomy: A Case Report with Review of Literature. Kobe J Med Sci 2023; 68:E30-E34. [PMID: 36647084 PMCID: PMC10117625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia characterized by agglutination of red blood cells at temperatures below the normal core body temperature. In patients with CAD, splenectomy is not indicated because of its low therapeutic effect on hemolytic anemia induced by extravascular hemolysis. Herein, we report a case of refractory hemolytic anemia with CAD successfully managed with splenectomy. CLINICAL CASE A 60-year-old man visited a municipal hospital with the chief complaint of fatigue. He was found to have hemolytic anemia and icterus with increased cold agglutination and was diagnosed with CAD. Malignant lymphoma was suspected as the underlying disease; however, no clear underlying disease was identified. Hemolytic anemia progressed during the subsequent winter seasons, and he was treated with temperature control, warming, and weekly blood transfusions. However, despite the blood transfusions, his hemoglobin level did not improve during the summer 2 years after diagnosis, and his previously observed splenomegaly had progressed. He was referred to our department, and a splenectomy was performed to diagnose any occult malignant lymphoma and improve the refractory hemolytic anemia. Because histopathological examination revealed no evidence of malignant lymphoma, a diagnosis of primary CAD was made. The hemolytic anemia improved, and no blood transfusion was required after splenectomy. CONCLUSIONS Splenectomy significantly improved the patient's refractory hemolytic anemia due to primary CAD. Thus, it may be an effective treatment option in such cases, although further cases and studies are required to evaluate the effects of splenectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Okamoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urade
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Yakushijin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kido
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kaori Kuramitsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shohei Komatsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Gon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Shirakawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsugawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sachio Terai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yanagimoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirochika Toyama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takumi Fukumoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nishimura JI. [Novel therapeutic agents for hemolytic anemia]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2023; 64:884-891. [PMID: 37793862 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.64.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that various diseases are caused by complement (related molecule) abnormalities (complementopathies) or are exacerbated by complement (complement-related diseases), and novel therapeutic agents targeting complement (anti-complement agents) are now being developed. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis due to a deficiency of complement regulatory factors, making it a perfect candidate for anti-complement agents. In 2007, the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab was approved for PNH, as the first anti-complement agent. The indications for eculizumab are expanding, and aggressive development is underway for new anti-complement agents, not only for PNH but also a variety of other diseases. In addition, the anti-C1s antibody sutimlimab was approved last year for the treatment of cold agglutinin disease, a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. This presentation overviews novel anti-complement agents for these hemolytic anemias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Nishimura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nishimura JI. [Novel anti-complement therapeutics for hemolytic anemia]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2023; 64:466-473. [PMID: 37407469 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.64.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The anti-C5 antibody eculizumab was approved in 2007 as the first anti-complement agent for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). While eculizumab's indication has been expanded to include other diseases, the development of new anti-complement agents has been aggressively pursued for various diseases. In PNH, the anti-C5 recycling antibody ravulizumab, which is an improved version of eculizumab, has been developed, with an extended dosing interval of 2 to 8 weeks, vastly improving convenience. The treatment of PNH with terminal complement inhibitors such as eculizumab and ravulizumab presents a new challenge-extravascular hemolysis. To address this issue, the proximal complement inhibitor, a C3 inhibitor called pegcetacoplan, was approved in the United States of America. Furthermore, the amplification loop inhibitors-a factor B inhibitor iptacopan, and a factor D inhibitor danicopan-are being developed. Recently, the anti-C1s antibody sutimlimab was approved for the treatment of cold agglutinin disease, a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. This article discusses novel anti-complement therapies for hemolytic anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Nishimura
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Hematology and Oncology
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Röth A, Barcellini W, Tvedt THA, Miyakawa Y, Kuter DJ, Su J, Jiang X, Hobbs W, Arias JM, Shafer F, Weitz IC. Sutimlimab improves quality of life in patients with cold agglutinin disease: results of patient-reported outcomes from the CARDINAL study. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:2169-2177. [PMID: 35999387 PMCID: PMC9463238 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cold agglutinin disease (CAD) experience fatigue and poor quality of life. However, previous CAD-related studies have not explored patient-reported outcomes such as the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue. Sutimlimab, a C1s complement inhibitor, has been shown to halt haemolysis in CAD. Here, we present 26-weeks' patient-reported data from CARDINAL Part A (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03347396), which assessed efficacy and safety of sutimlimab in patients with CAD and recent history of transfusion. Aside from measuring changes in haemolytic markers, FACIT-Fatigue was measured at the treatment assessment timepoint (TAT; average of weeks 23, 25, and 26). Exploratory endpoints included the change in EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) at TAT, and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), and Patient Global Impression of (fatigue) Severity (PGIS) at week 26. Mean (range) FACIT-Fatigue scores increased from 32.5 (14.0-47.0) at baseline (a score indicative of severe fatigue) to 44.3 (28.0-51.0) at TAT. Considerable improvements were reported for EQ-5D-5L at TAT, SF-12 scores at TAT, and PGIC and PGIS scores at week 26. Sutimlimab treatment resulted in sustained improvements in symptoms of fatigue and overall quality of life in patients with CAD. NCT03347396. Registered 20 November, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Röth
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Wilma Barcellini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Yoshitaka Miyakawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - David J Kuter
- Division of Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Su
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ilene C Weitz
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California - Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fatone MC, Cirasino L. Practical therapy for primary autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00869-2. [PMID: 35980482 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Autoimmune hemolytic anemias (AIHA) constitute a rare and heterogeneous group of diseases whose therapy differs according to the type of antibody involved in the genesis of the disease and the existence or not of an identified cause. With the aim of providing a practical guide for the therapy of AIHA, we summarize the emergency therapy and general measures habitually used in all forms of AIHA, as well as the specific treatment of the most frequent primary forms of AIHA: primary warm AIHA and AIHA from cold agglutinin disease (AIHA from CAD). We discuss the dependence of the treatment of the secondary forms on their underlying causes and the changes in the treatment of the primary forms in recent years. METHODS We examined the options available for the treatment of primary warm AIHA and AIHA from CAD. RESULTS We found many differences and only one similarity in their treatment. DISCUSSION The differences, particularly due to the non-responsiveness of AIHA from CAD to many treatments useful for primary warm AIHA, such as steroids, splenectomy and immunosuppressive agents, must be considered in the face of each, single case of AIHA. Preliminary identification of the type of antibody involved in the genesis of the disease and careful exclusion of a secondary form are particularly important. Rituximab plays a central role in the treatment of primary warm AIHA and AIHA from CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Cirasino
- UO di Medicina, Ospedale di Ostuni, via Villafranca SN, Ostuni, BR, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination. METHODS We conducted a systematic review using standardized keyword search to identify all reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and AIHA across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar through September 24, 2021. RESULTS Fifty patients (mean [SD] age, 50.8 [21.6] years) diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and AIHA were identified. AIHA subtypes and number of patients were as follows: cold AIHA (n = 18), warm AIHA (n = 14), mixed-type AIHA (n = 3), direct antiglobulin test (DAT)-negative AIHA (n = 1), DAT-negative Evans syndrome (n = 1), Evans syndrome (n = 3), and subtype not reported (n = 10). Mean (SD) hemoglobin at AIHA diagnosis was 6.5 [2.8] g/dL (95% confidence interval, 5.7-7.3 g/dL). Median time from COVID-19 symptom onset to AIHA diagnosis was 7 days. In total, 19% (8/42) of patients with COVID-19-associated AIHA with reported outcomes were deceased. Four patients (mean [SD] age, 73.5 [16.9] years) developed AIHA following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine (n = 2); Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine (n = 1); undisclosed mRNA vaccine (n = 1). AIHA occurred after 1 dose in 3 patients (median, 5 days). CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination are associated with multiple AIHA subtypes, beginning approximately 7 days after infectious symptoms and 5 days after vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Garrett S Booth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is caused by damaged red blood cells due to auto-antibodies targeting its membrane proteins. The heterogeneous group of diseases is divided into two types depending on the thermal amplitude of autoantibodies: warm and cold AIHA. Cold AIHA includes cold agglutin disease and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. AIHA is also divided into primary and secondary AIHA depending on its etiology. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis have revealed that AIHA brings not only anemia but also thromboembolic risk or impaired quality of life (QOL). This review describes its pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategies based on the latest information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Ueda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kawai Y, Deguchi M, Mizouchi N, Yoshida S, Kumagai K, Hirose Y. Cold agglutinin-induced hemolytic anemia during room temperature fluid resuscitation: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:169. [PMID: 33858500 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cold agglutinin disease can cause the agglutination of red blood cells and hemolytic anemia due to cold temperature. Herein, we report a case of progressive hemolytic anemia due to cold agglutinin disease during fluid resuscitation and in the absence of exposure to cold. Case presentation A 71-year-old Japanese man was admitted to the emergency department with signs of hypotension and disturbed consciousness. He was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis, and treatment with fluid resuscitation and insulin infusion was initiated. Laboratory test results obtained the following day indicated hemolytic anemia. On day 5 after admission, red blood cell agglutination was detected, and the patient was diagnosed with cold agglutinin disease. Conclusions Cold agglutinin disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of progressive hemolytic anemia during fluid resuscitation, even if the solution is at room temperature.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sudhakar M, Mohandoss V, Chaudhary H, Ahluwalia J, Bhattarai D, Jindal AK. Multifocal thrombosis with peripheral gangrene in a young boy: Mycoplasma infection triggered cold agglutinin disease. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152075. [PMID: 33711641 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is extremely rare in children. We report an 8-year-old boy who presented with gangrene of right foot with hypertension and absent lower limb pulses. Blood peripheral smear evidence of autoagglutination and falsely elevated red blood cell indices were suggestive of CAD and on subsequent investigations he was found to have high titres of cold agglutinin antibodies. He also had evidence of pneumonia on chest X-ray and serology for mycoplasma was positive. Computed tomography angiography showed multifocal thrombotic occlusion in bilateral popliteal arteries. He was effectively managed using antimicrobials, warm clothing, aspirin, anticoagulation and corticosteroids. He remains clinically well on follow-up and had no recurrence. CAD presenting with peripheral gangrene is extremely unusual. A careful look at peripheral blood smear gives an initial diagnostic clue. CAD triggered by infection is often self-limiting and requires supportive care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Sudhakar
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advances Paediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vichithra Mohandoss
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advances Paediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Himanshi Chaudhary
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advances Paediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Jasmina Ahluwalia
- Department of Haematology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Dharmagat Bhattarai
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advances Paediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Kumar Jindal
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advances Paediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nogami A, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto K, Ito M, Umezawa Y, Tohda S, Miura O, Fukuda T. [Marginal zone lymphoma-like primary bone marrow lymphoma with long-term pancytopenia preceding diagnosis]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2021; 61:1469-1475. [PMID: 33162442 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.61.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A 45-year-old man initially diagnosed with aplastic anemia had been receiving treatment for >4 years when he visited our hospital for a detailed examination. On admission, bone marrow (BM) aspiration showed erythroid dysplasia and chromosomal abnormalities, including trisomy 3 in 1/20 cells. After 3 months of observation, BM aspiration showed the involvement of 5% abnormal lymphocytes, and flow cytometry revealed a monoclonal B-cell phenotype. After a further 5 months of observation, his blood test showed a sudden elevation in white blood cell (WBC) count and the presence of villous lymphocytes. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) only revealed strong uptake by systemic BM, and BM aspiration showed the involvement of 76.4% abnormal lymphocytes, which were positive for CD19 and dim CD11c; negative for CD25, CD103, cyclin D1, and BRAF-V600E; and exhibited light chain restriction. The patient was diagnosed with marginal zone lymphoma-like primary bone marrow (BM) lymphoma. Treatment with R-CHOP and R-cladribine failed. He then underwent an allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from a human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling, and he has since remained in good health and without relapse for 9 years. Further clinical and biological analyses are necessary to establish an optimal treatment strategy for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nogami
- Department of Hematology, Medical Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masahide Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology, Medical Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | | | - Yoshihiro Umezawa
- Department of Hematology, Medical Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Shuji Tohda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Osamu Miura
- Department of Hematology, Medical Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Tetsuya Fukuda
- Department of Hematology, Medical Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Department of Hematology, Tottori University
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Morimoto S, Shindo T, Iga Y, Morita M, Yurugi K, Masuda K, Hori T, Hishizawa M, Kondo T, Yamashita K, Haga H, Takaori-Kondo A. [Small B-cell neoplasm responding to ibrutinib after 17 years of cold agglutinin disease symptom]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2021; 62:1678-1683. [PMID: 35022336 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.62.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a case of a 77-year-old woman who was presented with anemia in the winter of 2002. She was diagnosed with cold agglutinin disease (CAD) and treated with corticosteroids. Further, her hemoglobin levels were maintained between 7.0 g/dl and 8.0 g/dl. In May 2019, mature peripheral blood lymphocytes increased with exacerbation of hemolytic anemia. The lymphocytes were positive for CD19 and CD20, but negative for CD5, CD10, and CD23. Additionally, they were positive for cell surface IgM-κ. The B-cell neoplasm could not be further subclassified due to the lack of BCL2-IgH and BCL1-IgH rearrangement and morphology. The IgM-κ-type M-protein was found in serum, and the direct Coombs test was negative for IgG but positive for C3b/C3d. These findings suggested that small B-cell neoplasm-associated M-protein was involved in the development of CAD through complement activation. Based on the presence of TP53 deletion, the patient was treated with ibrutinib monotherapy. Although hemolysis rapidly improved with a dramatic decrease in lymphocytes, she died from a cerebral hemorrhage. It is assumed that ibrutinib improved CAD through suppression of small B-cell neoplasm-related M-protein. CAD can precede lymphoproliferative disorders; however, the risk of ibrutinib-associated hemorrhage should be noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuhei Iga
- Department of Hematology, Kyoto University Hospital
| | - Mari Morita
- Department of Hematology, Kyoto University Hospital
| | - Kimiko Yurugi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kyoto University Hospital
| | - Kenta Masuda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kyoto University Hospital
| | - Toshiyuki Hori
- Department of Hematology, Kyoto University Hospital
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | | | | | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Michalak SS, Olewicz-Gawlik A, Rupa-Matysek J, Wolny-Rokicka E, Nowakowska E, Gil L. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: current knowledge and perspectives. Immun Ageing 2020; 17:38. [PMID: 33292368 PMCID: PMC7677104 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an acquired, heterogeneous group of diseases which includes warm AIHA, cold agglutinin disease (CAD), mixed AIHA, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria and atypical AIHA. Currently CAD is defined as a chronic, clonal lymphoproliferative disorder, while the presence of cold agglutinins underlying other diseases is known as cold agglutinin syndrome. AIHA is mediated by autoantibodies directed against red blood cells (RBCs) causing premature erythrocyte destruction. The pathogenesis of AIHA is complex and still not fully understood. Recent studies indicate the involvement of T and B cell dysregulation, reduced CD4+ and CD25+ Tregs, increased clonal expansions of CD8 + T cells, imbalance of Th17/Tregs and Tfh/Tfr, and impaired lymphocyte apoptosis. Changes in some RBC membrane structures, under the influence of mechanical stimuli or oxidative stress, may promote autohemolysis. The clinical presentation and treatment of AIHA are influenced by many factors, including the type of AIHA, degree of hemolysis, underlying diseases, presence of concomitant comorbidities, bone marrow compensatory abilities and the presence of fibrosis and dyserthropoiesis. The main treatment for AIHA is based on the inhibition of autoantibody production by mono- or combination therapy using GKS and/or rituximab and, rarely, immunosuppressive drugs or immunomodulators. Reduction of erythrocyte destruction via splenectomy is currently the third line of treatment for warm AIHA. Supportive treatment including vitamin supplementation, recombinant erythropoietin, thrombosis prophylaxis and the prevention and treatment of infections is essential. New groups of drugs that inhibit immune responses at various levels are being developed intensively, including inhibition of antibody-mediated RBCs phagocytosis, inhibition of B cell and plasma cell frequency and activity, inhibition of IgG recycling, immunomodulation of T lymphocytes function, and complement cascade inhibition. Recent studies have brought about changes in classification and progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of AIHA, although there are still many issues to be resolved, particularly concerning the impact of age-associated changes to immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Sulimiera Michalak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Anna Olewicz-Gawlik
- Department of Anatomy and Histology Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Góra, Poland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immune Deficiencies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Rupa-Matysek
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Wolny-Rokicka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Multidisciplinary Hospital, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Nowakowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Lidia Gil
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kohlert S, McLean L, Scarvelis D, Thompson C. A case report of severe nasal ischemia from cold agglutinin disease and a novel treatment protocol including HBOT. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 48:52. [PMID: 31640785 PMCID: PMC6805523 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-019-0369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare condition leading to blood agglutination and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Cutaneous ischemia resulting from CAD in the head and neck is uncommon. Treatment regimens and outcomes vary widely in the literature and no clear protocol exists. This manuscript describes a patient with CAD who developed severe ischemia of the nose that resolved completely without sequellae following a medical regimen of aspirin, low molecular weight heparin, nitroglycerin ointment and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). To our knowledge, this is the first reported case where nitroglycerin ointment or HBOT was successfully employed in the treatment of this complication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kohlert
- ENT Associates of East Texas, 1136 E Grande Blvd, Tyler, TX, USA. .,CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Health System, 800 E. Dawson, Tyler, TX, USA.
| | - Laurie McLean
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Canada. Hyperbaric Medicine Unit The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Calvin Thompson
- Canada. Hyperbaric Medicine Unit The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kamesaki T. [Progress in diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2019; 60:1100-1107. [PMID: 31597833 DOI: 10.11406/rinketsu.60.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, The British Society of Haematology published new guidelines for the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Usually this is diagnosed using a combination of clinical and laboratory findings of hemolysis using the direct antiglobulin test (DAT). The revised guidelines propose several steps to evaluate and diagnose patients with unexplained hemolysis and a negative DAT, and they recommend screening for cold agglutinin disease (CAD) using a direct agglutination test (DAggT) before evaluating the cold agglutinin titer. Rituximab is becoming the preferred second-line choice for steroid-refractory warm AIHA and the first-line choice for primary CAD. Rituximab is an off-label drug for use in AIHA treatment in Japan, but in future will be used as standard therapy. Anti-C1s antibody is a new drug for CAD that has entered phase 3 trials.
Collapse
|
25
|
Klejtman T, Garel B, Senet P, Tribout L, Bachmeyer C, Barbaud A, Monfort JB. [Digital necrosis revealing cold agglutinin disease: Treatment with rituximab]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2018; 145:761-764. [PMID: 30197053 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital necrosis is rarer than lower limb necrosis and constitutes a medical or surgical emergency. Etiological evaluation is required. Cold agglutinin disease is a cause of digital necrosis but diagnosis is difficult. PATIENTS AND METHODS Herein we report the case of a 57-year-old man presenting recent paroxysmal acrosyndrome of the left hand subsequently complicated by digital necrosis following occupational exposure to cold in his work as a forklift driver. After etiological evaluation, a diagnosis of primary cold agglutinin disease was made. Intravenous rituximab and topical treatment resulted in complete healing. DISCUSSION Cold agglutinin disease is a rare type of auto-immune hemolytic anemia. Following exposure to cold, paroxysmal cutaneous signs are frequent. The disease may be either primary or secondary with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, auto-immune disease or infection. A thorough workup is required. To date, the treatment combining the best positive response rate and good safety is rituximab in weekly perfusions over a 1-month period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Klejtman
- Service de dermatologie et allergologie, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
| | - B Garel
- Service de dermatologie et allergologie, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - P Senet
- Service de dermatologie et allergologie, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - L Tribout
- Service de dermatologie et allergologie, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - C Bachmeyer
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - A Barbaud
- Service de dermatologie et allergologie, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - J-B Monfort
- Service de dermatologie et allergologie, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bras J, Uminski K, Ponnampalam A. Cold agglutinin disease complicating management of aortic dissection. Transfus Apher Sci 2018; 57:236-238. [PMID: 29885944 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold agglutinin disease is characterized by acrocyanosis, hemolytic anemia, and occasionally, frank hemoglobinuria. Although cold agglutinins are commonly detected, they are rarely clinically significant due to subphysiologic temperatures at which agglutination occurs. Cardiovascular surgical procedures requiring hypothermia present a unique challenge for these patients, requiring modification of the conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia. CASE REPORT Herein we report a case of a patient with a prior history of symptomatic cold agglutinin disease and type A aortic dissection, presenting with dilation of his known diseased ascending aorta, requiring semi-urgent repair. The patient underwent plasma exchange on two successive days preceding surgery to reduce the cold agglutinin titre. A modified Bentall procedure and replacement of ascending aorta and hemiarch under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was performed without complication. CONCLUSIONS This case demonstrates the efficacy of employing plasma exchange in preparation for cardiac surgery with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in a patient with clinically significant cold agglutinin disease. Plasma exchange alone may be sufficient in preparing patients with cold agglutinin disease for procedures requiring significant hypothermia when the delayed onset of action of alternative therapies is not acceptable. Choice of replacement fluid is critical in ensuring maintenance of coagulation proteins perioperatively and minimizing complement activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Bras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kelsey Uminski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Arjuna Ponnampalam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vo TA, Oakey Z, Khan YA, Minckler DS. A novel method for demonstrating cold agglutinin disease: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:99. [PMID: 29665852 PMCID: PMC5905110 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cold agglutinin disease is a rare disorder characterized by an autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurring at low temperatures. Physical examination findings, often limited to acrocyanosis, are combined with a thermal amplitude test to help establish the diagnosis. Thermal amplitude testing determines the highest temperature at which the cold agglutination will occur and is an important parameter in diagnosing cold agglutinin disease. Case presentation Here we describe a 57-year-old white man of German and Nicaraguan descent with known chronic cold agglutinin disease who presented to our ophthalmology clinic for evaluation of a cataract. During routine cataract surgery, the lowered temperature of the conjunctiva from intermittent flow of balanced salt solution at room temperature induced a cold agglutination reaction in conjunctival vessels easily visible under a surgical microscope. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this method of demonstrating cold agglutinin disease has not been described in the literature and could easily be performed utilizing an ordinary slit lamp. This method could be used as an alternative and rapid screening method for cold agglutinin disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13256-018-1573-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Vo
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, 850 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Zack Oakey
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, 850 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yasir A Khan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - Donald S Minckler
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, 850 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Berentsen S. Complement Activation and Inhibition in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Focus on Cold Agglutinin Disease. Semin Hematol 2018; 55:141-149. [PMID: 30032751 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The classical complement pathway and, to some extent, the terminal pathway, are involved in the immune pathogenesis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). In primary cold agglutinin disease (CAD), secondary cold agglutinin syndrome and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, the hemolytic process is entirely complement dependent. Complement activation also plays an important pathogenetic role in some warm-antibody AIHAs, especially when immunoglobulin M is involved. This review describes the complement-mediated hemolysis in AIHA with a major focus on CAD, in which activation of the classical pathway is essential and particularly relevant for complement-directed therapy. Several complement inhibitors are candidate therapeutic agents in CAD and other AIHAs, and some of these drugs seem very promising. The relevant in vitro findings, early clinical data and future perspectives are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigbjørn Berentsen
- Department of Research and Innovation, Haugesund Hospital, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The complement system is an essential part of the innate immune system that requires careful regulation to ensure responses are appropriately directed against harmful pathogens, while preventing collateral damage to normal host cells and tissues. While deficiency in some components of the complement pathway is associated with increased susceptibility to certain infections, it has also become clear that inappropriate activation of complement is an important contributor to human disease. A number of hematologic disorders are driven by complement, and these disorders may be termed "complementopathies". This includes paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), cold agglutinin disease (CAD) and other related disorders, which will be the focus of this review. A better understanding of the central role of the complement system in the pathophysiology of these disorders may allow for application of therapies directed at blocking the complement cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Baines
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Onishi S, Ichiba T, Miyoshi N, Nagata T, Naito H. Unusual underlying disorder for pulmonary embolism: Cold agglutinin disease. J Cardiol Cases 2016; 15:43-45. [PMID: 30546693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jccase.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by cold-reacting autoantibodies. The manifestations of CAD are commonly anemia, acrocyanosis, and fatigue caused by hemolysis and agglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) at a temperature lower than normal body temperature. We report a case of CAD presenting with pulmonary embolisms in an 86-year-old man. The patient visited our emergency department complaining of acute chest pain and respiratory distress. Laboratory data showed decreased RBC and hematocrit and markedly elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC). A contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scan demonstrated bilateral massive pulmonary embolisms. After admission, diagnosis of CAD was made on the basis of a high cold agglutinin titer without other factors of coagulation. CAD can contribute to the onset of pulmonary embolisms. It is necessary to incubate blood samples at 37 °C when laboratory data show markedly elevated MCH and MCHC and to consider the presence of cold agglutinins as an underlying disorder for the formation of venous thrombosis. <Learning objective: Cold agglutinin disease can contribute to the onset of pulmonary embolisms. It is necessary to incubate blood samples at 37 °C when laboratory data showed markedly elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC) and to consider the presence of cold agglutinins as an underlying disorder for the formation of venous thrombosis. Complete blood count including MCH and MCHC is always ordered, but we may have overlooked the meaning of abnormal results. We must be aware of these parameters and carefully examine the underlying mechanisms of thrombosis.>.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Onishi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ichiba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Natsuki Miyoshi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagata
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Naito
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Prabhu R, Bhaskaran R, Shenoy V, G R, Sidharthan N. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of primary autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a single center study from South India. Blood Res 2016; 51:88-94. [PMID: 27382552 PMCID: PMC4931942 DOI: 10.5045/br.2016.51.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a less recognized, potentially fatal condition. There is a scarcity of data on clinicoserological characteristics and response to therapy concerning this disease from South India. Methods Data for 33 patients with primary AIHA recorded from July 2009 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed for clinical presentation, response to frontline therapy, durability of response, time to next treatment (TTNT), and response to second-line agents. Results The median follow-up period was 50 months. Among 33 patients, 48% of the cases were warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA), 46% were cold agglutinin disease (CAD), and 6% were atypical. Three-fourth of patients had severe anemia (<8 g/dL hemoglobin [Hb]) at onset; younger patients (age <40 yr) had more severe anemia. All of the patients who required treatment received oral prednisolone at 1.5 mg/kg/d as a frontline therapy, and the response rate was 90% (62% complete response [CR] and 28% partial response [PR]). The overall response to corticosteroids in WAIHA and CAD was 87% and 92%, respectively. The median corticosteroid duration was 14 months, and 50% of the patients required second-line agents. Fourteen patients received azathioprine as a second-line agent, and 11 of these patients responded well, with half of them not requiring a third agent. Four patients developed severe infections (pneumonia, sepsis, and soft tissue abscess) and two had life-threatening venous thrombosis. One case of death was recorded. Conclusion AIHA is a heterogeneous disease that requires care by physicians experienced in treating these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghuveer Prabhu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi, India
| | - Renjitha Bhaskaran
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi, India
| | - Veena Shenoy
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi, India
| | - Rema G
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi, India
| | - Neeraj Sidharthan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The classification of autoimmune hemolytic anemias and the complement system are reviewed. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia of the warm antibody type, complement-mediated cell lysis is clinically relevant in a proportion of the patients but is hardly essential for hemolysis in most patients. Cold antibody-mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemias (primary cold agglutinin disease, secondary cold agglutinin syndrome and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria) are entirely complement-mediated disorders. In cold agglutinin disease, efficient therapies have been developed in order to target the pathogenic B-cell clone, but complement modulation remains promising in some clinical situations. No established therapy exists for secondary cold agglutinin syndrome and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, and the possibility of therapeutic complement inhibition is interesting. Currently, complement modulation is not clinically documented in any autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The most relevant candidate drugs and possible target levels of action are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigbjørn Berentsen
- Department of Research and Development, Haugesund Hospital, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Cold antibody types account for about 25% of autoimmune hemolytic anemias. Primary chronic cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is characterized by a clonal lymphoproliferative disorder. Secondary cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) complicates specific infections and malignancies. Hemolysis in CAD and CAS is mediated by the classical complement pathway and is predominantly extravascular. Not all patients require treatment. Successful CAD therapy targets the pathogenic B-cell clone. Complement modulation seems promising in both CAD and CAS. Further development and documentation are necessary before clinical use. We review options for possible complement-directed therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigbjørn Berentsen
- Department of Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, Karmsundgata 120, Haugesund NO-5504, Norway.
| | - Ulla Randen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausseen 70, NO-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Miyahara S, Kano H, Okada K, Okita Y. Aortic arch aneurysm in a patient with cold agglutinin disease. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2015; 20:687. [PMID: 25655279 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivu424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Miyahara
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kano
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yutaka Okita
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is an autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) generally caused by IgM autoantibodies which exhibit maximal reactivity at 4°C. CAD can be idiopathic or secondary to some diseases and/or conditions. Only a minority of cases of secondary AIHA in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are associated with cold antibodies. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of NHLs with a proportion of nearly 30% of all adult cases. 40% of patients with DLBCL have an extranodal disease or at least disease initially confined to extranodal sites. The most common extranodal site is the gastrointestinal tract. We present a patient with primary gastrointestinal DLBCL who presented with CAD and was treated with a CHOP-Rituximab regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Emre Eskazan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|