1
|
Choubey CK, Kumar S, Pippal SK. Design method for VDCC-based analog comb filter for power line interference cancellation. MethodsX 2024; 12:102619. [PMID: 38445176 PMCID: PMC10912721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
An analog comb filter is implemented by linking multiple VDCC-based notch filters in a cascading fashion (N in total), eliminating N different pole frequencies. This study focuses on suppressing a fundamental frequency of power-line interference of 50 Hz and its consecutive three odd harmonics at 150 Hz, 250 Hz, and 350 Hz. One significant advantage of this comb filter is the independent control over filters' parameters like quality factor and pole frequency. Additionally, these filters can be electronically tuned by adjusting the transconductance gain of VDCC. The suggested notch filter configuration involves 2 capacitors, 2 resistors, and 1 VDCC element. Extensive simulations were conducted using PSPICE simulator software to validate the effectiveness of these filters. The basic building block, VDCC, is designed and implemented in the simulation using integrated circuits MAX435 and AD844.•Design uses a VDCC-based high Q notch filter as the active building block.•The filter employs fewer active and passive components.•Simulated results using commercially available ICs, MAX435 and AD844, confirm the filter's practical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar Choubey
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Pippal
- Department of Computer Science Engineering, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alkhoury L, Choi JW, Wang C, Rajasekar A, Acharya S, Mahoney S, Shender BS, Hrebien L, Kam M. Heart-rate tuned comb filters for processing photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals in pulse oximetry. J Clin Monit Comput 2021; 35:797-813. [PMID: 32556842 PMCID: PMC8286955 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-020-00539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Calculation of peripheral capillary oxygen saturation [Formula: see text] levels in humans is often made with a pulse oximeter, using photoplethysmography (PPG) waveforms. However, measurements of PPG waveforms are susceptible to motion noise due to subject and sensor movements. In this study, we compare two [Formula: see text]-level calculation techniques, and measure the effect of pre-filtering by a heart-rate tuned comb peak filter on their performance. These techniques are: (1) "Red over Infrared," calculating the ratios of AC and DC components of the red and infrared PPG signals,[Formula: see text], followed by the use of a calibration curve to determine the [Formula: see text] level Webster (in: Design of pulse oximeters, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1997); and (2) a motion-resistant algorithm which uses the Discrete Saturation Transform (DST) (Goldman in J Clin Monit Comput 16:475-83, 2000). The DST algorithm isolates individual "saturation components" in the optical pathway, which allows separation of components corresponding to the [Formula: see text] level from components corresponding to noise and interference, including motion artifacts. The comparison we provide here (employing the two techniques with and without pre-filtering) addresses two aspects: (1) accuracy of the [Formula: see text] calculations; and (2) computational complexity. We used both synthetic data and experimental data collected from human subjects. The human subjects were tested at rest and while exercising; while exercising, their measurements were subject to the impacts of motion. Our main conclusion is that if an uninterrupted high-quality heart rate measurement is available, then the "Red over Infrared" approach preceded by a heart-rate tuned comb filter provides the preferred trade-off between [Formula: see text]-level accuracy and computational complexity. A modest improvement in [Formula: see text] estimate accuracy at very low SNR environments may be achieved by switching to the pre-filtered DST-based algorithm (up to 6% improvement in [Formula: see text] level accuracy at -10 dB over unfiltered DST algorithm and the filtered "Red over Infrared" approach). However, this improvement comes at a significant computational cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludvik Alkhoury
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, 07102, USA.
| | - Ji-Won Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Chizhong Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| | - Arjun Rajasekar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sayandeep Acharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sean Mahoney
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Athena GTX, Johnston, IA, 501131, USA
| | - Barry S Shender
- Human Systems Department, Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Patuxent River, MD, 20670, USA
| | - Leonid Hrebien
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Moshe Kam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Declercq NF. Pulsed ultrasonic comb filtering effect and its applications in the measurement of sound velocity and thickness of thin plates. Ultrasonics 2017; 75:199-208. [PMID: 28006661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An analytical and experimental study of the pulsed ultrasonic comb filtering effect is presented in this work intending to provide a fundamental tool for data analysis and phenomenon understanding in pulsed ultrasonics. The basic types of comb filter, feedforward and feedback filters, are numerically simulated and demonstrated. The characteristic features of comb filters, which include the formula for determining the locations of the spectral peaks or notches and the relationship between its temporal characteristics (relative time delay between constituent pulses) and its spectral characteristics (frequency interval between peaks or notches), are theoretically derived. To demonstrate the applicability of the comb filtering effect, it is applied to measuring the sound velocities and thickness of a thin plate sample. It is proven that the comb filtering effect based method not only is capable of accurate measurements, but also has advantages over the conventional time-of-flight based method in thin plate measurements. Furthermore, the principles developed in this study have potential applications in any pulsed ultrasonic cases where the output signal shows comb filter features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Liu
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation "LUNE", Georgia Tech-CNRS UMI2958, Georgia Tech Lorraine, 2, rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Nico F Declercq
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation "LUNE", Georgia Tech-CNRS UMI2958, Georgia Tech Lorraine, 2, rue Marconi, 57070 Metz, France
| |
Collapse
|