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Koppolu P, Almutairi H, Yousef SA, Ansary N, Noushad M, Vishal MB, Swapna LA, Alsuwayyigh N, Albalawi M, Shrivastava D, Srivastava KC. Relationship of skin complexion with gingival tissue color and hyperpigmentation. A multi-ethnic comparative study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:451. [PMID: 38614977 PMCID: PMC11015585 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The most frequently seen intra-oral soft tissue is the gingiva. Most often, it is seen as coral-pink tissue that surrounds the neck of the teeth. Gingiva that encircles the tooth necks and covers the alveolar processes of the jaws is an intra-oral tissue that exhibits biomimetic features. The wide range of colors of the gingiva depends on the configuration of gingival vascularity, the degree of epithelial cornification, level of melanogenesis, and the depth of epithelialization. However, the color of the gingiva varies depending on the degree of melanin pigmentation. The current study aimed to identify the different distribution patterns of gingival color and determine the correlation between skin color, gender, and geographical area of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 839 subjects were involved in the study where the gingival color and skin tone were measured using the Dummett-Gupta Oral pigmentation Index (DOPI) combined with VITA VMK MASTER and skin shade method developed by Revlon (USA) and L'Oreal (France) for makeup foundation shades. One investigator was calibrated for the examination of the colors after being tested for normal color vision and color aptitude using the line test. RESULTS A significant association was found between skin color and gingival pigmentation (χ2 value (6) = 114.48; P = 0.001). It was also found that females (67.1%) significantly had darker gingiva than males (58.3%). The study statistics display that location of the individual was also statistically associated with melanin pigmentation of the gingiva (χ2 value (57) = 559.33; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION The study concluded that gender, skin color, and individual location are significantly associated with gingival melanin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Koppolu
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Haifa Almutairi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safa Al Yousef
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisren Ansary
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Noushad
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lingam Amara Swapna
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alsuwayyigh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Albalawi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepti Shrivastava
- Department Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kumar Chandan Srivastava
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72345, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Utz S, Mueller R, Strobach T, Carbon CC. Under the sun: adaptation effects to changes in facial complexion. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:96. [PMID: 37005648 PMCID: PMC10067251 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many Western people enjoy sunshine, and through the sun's stimulated increase in melanin, the skin tone or skin complexion will darken (and lighten again during winter). Although the initial salience of such a new look is remarkable - especially in the face - we seem to adapt to this new look relatively quickly. Research on face adaptation in general repeatedly showed that the inspection of manipulated versions of faces (so-called adaptor faces) leads to a change of the perception of subsequently presented faces. The present study investigates face adaptation to very natural changes in faces such as changes in complexion. METHODS During the adaptation phase in the present study, participants saw faces with either strongly increased or decreased complexion. After a pause of 5 min, participants had to identify the veridical (non-manipulated) face out of two faces (a face slightly manipulated in complexion combined with the non-manipulated face) during a test phase. RESULTS Results show strong adaptation effects to decreased complexion intensities. DISCUSSION It seems that we are updating our facial representations in memory quite quickly (i.e., optimizing our processing through adaptation) and seem to sustain those new representations over a certain timespan (at least 5 min). Our results demonstrate that changes in complexion draw our attention for deeper analysis (at least with decreased complexion). However, it loses its informative quality quickly via fast and relatively sustainable adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Utz
- Department of General Psychology and Methodology, University of Bamberg, Markusplatz 3, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
- Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGrACS), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
- Research Group EPÆG (Ergonomics, Psychological Æsthetics, Gestalt), Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Ronja Mueller
- Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGrACS), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Department of Psychology/Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology/Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claus-Christian Carbon
- Department of General Psychology and Methodology, University of Bamberg, Markusplatz 3, 96047, Bamberg, Germany
- Bamberg Graduate School of Affective and Cognitive Sciences (BaGrACS), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Research Group EPÆG (Ergonomics, Psychological Æsthetics, Gestalt), Bamberg, Germany
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Rout DR, Jena HM. Synthesis of graphene oxide-modified porous chitosan cross-linked polyaniline composite for static and dynamic removal of Cr(VI). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:22992-23011. [PMID: 36308658 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel ternary composite was synthesized comprising graphene oxide-modified porous chitosan cross-linked polyaniline (GO@CS-PANI) by improved Hummers method, followed by cross-linking and grafting. The morphological, structural, and electrical properties of the composite were characterized by FESEM, BET, XRD, RAMAN, FTIR spectra, and zeta potential. It was found that the composite shows excellent Cr(VI) removal performance both in static and dynamic adsorption. The optimal adsorption parameters were solution at pH of 2.0, adsorbent dosage of 0.4 g/L, time of 45 min, and temperature of 35 °C. The Langmuir isotherm model was the best-fitted model, indicating homogeneous adsorption with maximum uptake of 539.83 mg/g. Pseudo-second-order was the best-fitted kinetic model, and the rate was controlled by film diffusion. Thermodynamic data demonstrated that the process was spontaneous, endothermic, and feasible. From the dynamic study, it was witnessed that a lower flow rate and a higher bed height were suitable for maximum adsorption performance. The Thomas model was the best-fitted model for data obtained from the dynamic study. Competition from interfering ions showed that anions have little effect on Cr(VI) removal, whereas cations have no such effect. The adsorption mechanism involved electrostatic attraction, π-π interaction, ion exchange, and metal ion complexion. After five cycles of adsorption-desorption study, the composite still removed 76% Cr(VI). These findings of the present study and the reusable nature of GO@CS-PANI composite signify the innovative and excellent adsorbent for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibya Ranjan Rout
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Orissa, India
| | - Hara Mohan Jena
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Orissa, India.
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Nguyen NC, Nguyen HT, Ho ST, Chen SS, Ngo HH, Guo W, Ray SS, Hsu HT. Exploring high charge of phosphate as new draw solute in a forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid system for concentrating high-nutrient sludge. Sci Total Environ 2016; 557-558:44-50. [PMID: 26994792 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a high charge of phosphate was used as the draw solute in a forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid system for concentrating high-nutrient sludge. A high water flux (12.5L/m(2)h) and a low reverse salt flux (0.84g/m(2)) were simultaneously achieved at pH9 by using 0.1M Na3PO4 as the draw solute and deionized water as the feed solution in the FO process. The specific reverse salt flux of 0.1M Na3PO4 (Js/Jw=0.07g/L) was considerably less than that of 0.1M NaCl (Js/Jw=0.37g/L) because the complexion between Na(+) and HPO4(2-) at pH9 led to the reduction of free Na(+) ions, which subsequently reduced the reverse salt diffusion substantially. Moreover, for a feed solution with an initial sludge concentration of 3500mg/L, the sludge concentration could be concentrated to 19,800 and 22,000mg/L in the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) and FO membrane orientations, respectively, after 15h of operation. Four types of MD membranes were selected for draw solution recovery; of these, a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane with a pore size of 0.45μm was the most effective in achieving a high water flux (10.28L/m(2)h) and high salt rejection (approximately 100%) in a diluted Na3PO4 draw solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Cong Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, DaLat University, Viet Nam
| | - Hau Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, DaLat University, Viet Nam
| | - Su-Thing Ho
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiao-Shing Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Saikat Sinha Ray
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Te Hsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li 32023, Taiwan, ROC
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