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Yoon CH, Jang HJ, Ryu JS, Ko JH, Ahn KS, Oh SR, Oh JH, Chung JH, Oh JY. 1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid from Pseudognaphalium affine ameliorates dry eye disease via suppression of inflammation and protection of the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:469-479. [PMID: 37390940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pseudognaphalium affine (P. affine), a medicinal plant, has long been used to treat various diseases due to its astringent and vulnerary effects. These therapeutic benefits are largely attributed to high contents of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, that have anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective activities. Herein, we investigated the potential of dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs), polyphenols from P. affine, as a novel treatment for dry eye disease (DED). METHODS We isolated 1,5-, 3,4-, 3,5- and 4,5-diCQAs from the P. affine methanol extract, and tested the effects of diCQA isomers in cultures of human corneal epithelial cells (CECs) under desiccating hyperosmolar stress and in two mouse models for DED: desiccating environmental stress-induced DED and the NOD.B10-H2b mouse model of ocular Sjögren's syndrome. RESULTS Initial screening showed that, among the diCQAs, 1,5-diCQA significantly inhibited apoptosis and enhanced viability in cultures of CECs under hyperosmolar stress. Moreover, 1,5-diCQA protected CECs by promoting proliferation and downregulating inflammatory activation. Subsequent studies with two mouse models of DED revealed that topical 1,5-diCQA administration dose-dependently decreased corneal epithelial defects and increased tear production while repressing inflammatory cytokines and T cell infiltration on the ocular surface and in the lacrimal gland. 1,5-diCQA was more effective in alleviating DED, as compared with two commercially-available dry eye treatments, 0.05% cyclosporine and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results demonstrate that 1,5-diCQA isolated from P. affine ameliorates DED through protection of corneal epithelial cells and suppression of inflammation, thus suggesting a novel DED therapeutic strategy based on natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheonju, 28116, South Korea; Natural Product Central Bank, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheonju, 28116, South Korea
| | - Jin Suk Ryu
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheonju, 28116, South Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheonju, 28116, South Korea; Natural Product Central Bank, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheonju, 28116, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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Ma YB, Dang YL. Bilateral malignant glaucoma with bullous keratopathy: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:3010-3016. [PMID: 37215421 PMCID: PMC10198087 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i13.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant glaucoma, caused by aqueous misdirection, is a challenging post-surgical complication presented with normal/high intraocular pressure and shallowing of the central and peripheral anterior chambers. Its incidence is about 0.6%-4.0%. It can be secondary to filtering surgeries, laser iridotomy, and cataract surgery. Short axial length and a history of angle closure glaucoma are its main risk factors. Here, we report a bilateral malignant glaucoma with bullous keratopathy in the patient’s left eye.
CASE SUMMARY We present a case of bilateral malignant glaucoma. The cause of malignant glaucoma for each eye of this patient was different. Hence, the management strategy and selection of surgical methods were also different. However, the normal anterior chamber was ultimately maintained, and maximum visual function was preserved. Even though the left eye received multiple surgeries and corneal endothelial decompensation occurred, the formation of a retroendothelial fibrous membrane partially compensated for the function of the corneal endothelium.
CONCLUSION The formation of a retroendothelial fibrous membrane partially compensated for the function of the corneal endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Bin Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Sanmenxia 472000, Henan Province, China
| | - Ya-Long Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Sanmenxia 472000, Henan Province, China
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Yu Y, Li K, Xue R, Liu S, Liu X, Wu K. A20 functions as a negative regulator of the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2023; 228:109392. [PMID: 36717050 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A20, also called TNFAIP3, is a crucial regulator of inflammation in various diseases but has not evidenced its function in the cornea. We aimed to evaluate the existence and the functions of A20 in human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells. After being treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in different concentrations or at separate times, cells were collected to analyze A20 expressions. We then constructed the A20 knockdown system by siRNA and the A20 overexpressing system by lentivirus transduction. Systems were further exposed to medium with or without LPS for indicated times. Next, we evaluated the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Also, the translocation of P65 and the phosphorylation of P65, P38 and JNK were observed in two systems. In addition, we used the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) antagonist TPCA-1 for the pretreatment in cells and then detected the A20 expressions. We found a low basal expression of A20 in HCE-T cells, and the expressions could be dose-dependently induced by LPS, peaking at 4 h in protein level after stimulation. Both the A20 knockdown and A20 overexpressing systems were confirmed to be effective. After the LPS treatment, productions of IL-6 and IL-8 were enhanced in the A20 knockdown system and reduced in the A20 overexpressing system. A20 reduced the translocation of P65 into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of P65, P38 and JNK. Furthermore, TPCA-1 pretreatment reduced the expression of A20 in cells. We concluded that A20 is a potent regulator for corneal epithelium's reaction to inflammation, and it thus is expected to be a potential therapy target for ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kunke Li
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Sihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Guo L, Wang Z, Li J, Li J, Cui L, Dong J, Meng X, Qian C, Wang H. Immortalization effect of SV40T lentiviral vectors on canine corneal epithelial cells. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:181. [PMID: 35578336 PMCID: PMC9109393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary canine corneal epithelial cells (CCECs) easily become senescent, and cell proliferation is limited. Therefore, sampling for experimentation requires a large number of animals, which is problematic in terms of animal welfare and fails to maintain the stability of the cells for in vitro analyses. Results In this study, CCECs were separated and purified by trypsin and dispase II enzymatic analysis. Next, the cells were immortalized by transfection with a lentiviral vector expressing Simian vacuolating virus 40 large T (SV40T). The immortalized canine corneal epithelial cell line (CCEC-SV40T) was established by serial passages and monoclonal selection. The biological characteristics of CCEC-SV40T cells were evaluated based on the cell proliferation rate, cell cycle pattern, serum dependence, karyotype, and cytokeratin 12 immunofluorescence detection. In addition, we infected CCEC-SV40T cells with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) and detected the inflammatory response of the cells. After the CCEC-SV40T cells were passaged continuously for 40 generations, the cells grew in a cobblestone pattern, which was similar to CCECs. The SV40T gene and cytokeratin 12 can be detected in each generation. CCEC-SV40T cells were observed to have a stronger proliferation capacity than CCECs. CCEC-SV40T cells maintained the same diploid karyotype and serum-dependent ability as CCECs. After CCEC-SV40T cells were infected with S. pseudintermedius, the mRNA expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, were upregulated, and the protein levels of MyD88, NLRP3 and the phosphorylation of Iκbα and p65 were upregulated. Conclusions In conclusion, the CCEC-SV40T line was successfully established and can be used for in vitro studies, such as research on corneal diseases or drug screening. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03288-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Pu Q, Guo XX, Hu JJ, Li AL, Li GG, Li XY. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases cell viability and restores tight junctions in high-glucose-treated human corneal epithelial cells via the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112659. [PMID: 35123232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM)-related corneal epithelial dysfunction is a severe ocular disorder; however, the effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on high-glucose (HG)-treated human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) remain unclear. METHODS We conducted an in-vitro study to examine the effects of NMN treatment on HG-treated HCECs. Cell viability was measured using trypan blue stain, mitochondrial membrane potential was measured using JC-1 stain, and intracellular reactive oxygen species and apoptosis assays were conducted using flow cytometry. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) immunofluorescence for tight junction examinations were conducted. Immunoblot analyses were conducted to analyze the expression of silent information regulator-1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) of the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. RESULTS NMN increased cell viability by reducing cell damage, reducing apoptosis, increasing cell migration, and restoring tight junctions in HG-treated HCECs. By analyzing the expressions of SIRT1, Nrf2, HO-1, NMN demonstrated protective effects via the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS NMN increases cell viability by reversing cell damage, reducing apoptosis, increasing cell migration, and restoring tight junctions in HG-treated HCECs, and these effects may be mediated by the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jing-Jie Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Ao-Ling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Gui-Gang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
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Nakagawa A, Nakajima T, Azuma M. Tear miRNA expression analysis reveals miR-203 as a potential regulator of corneal epithelial cells. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:377. [PMID: 34696757 PMCID: PMC8543880 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. They are found within cells and in body fluids. Extracellular miRNAs have been shown to associate with the surrounding tissues. Therefore, we predicted that miRNAs in tears may contribute to regulate corneal epithelial cell function. However, information on the miRNA expression profile of tears is limited and the specific functions of tear miRNAs for corneal epithelial cells are still unknown. To study the role of tear miRNAs, we determined which miRNAs are highly expressed in tears and examined the involvement of miRNAs in corneal epithelial cell viability. Methods miRNAs extracted from monkey tears and sera were subjected to microarray analysis. miRNAs of which expression levels were higher in tears than in sera were selected, and their expression levels were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). To examine miRNA function, mimics and inhibitors of miRNAs were transfected into human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells and incubated for 24 or 48 h. After transfection of miRNA mimics and inhibitors, the viability of HCE-T cells was measured using the water soluble tetrazolium salt (WST) assay, and microarray analysis and qPCR were performed using total RNA extracted from HCE-T cells. siRNAs of the candidate targets for miR-203 were transfected into HCE-T cells and the WST assay was performed. To determine a direct target gene for miR-203, a dual luciferase reporter assay was performed in HCE-T cells using a luciferase reporter plasmid containing 3′-UTR of human IGFBP5. Results Microarray and qPCR analyses showed that miR-184 and miR-203 were expressed significantly more highly in tears than in sera (165,542.8- and 567.8-fold, respectively, p < 0.05). Of these two miRNAs, transfection of a miR-203 mimic significantly reduced the viability of HCE-T cells (p < 0.05), while a miR-203 inhibitor significantly increased this viability (p < 0.05). miR-203 mimic downregulated insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) and nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1 (NUCKS1), while miR-203 inhibitor upregulated these two genes. Transfection of IGFBP5-siRNA decreased the viability of HCE-T cells. miR-203 mimic significantly diminished the luciferase reporter activity. Conclusions In this study, we identified miRNAs that are highly expressed in tears, and the inhibition of miR-203 increases the viability of corneal epithelial cells. Our results suggest that miR-203 contributes to regulating the homeostasis of corneal epithelial cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-021-02141-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Nakagawa
- Central Research Laboratories, Research and Development Division, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakajima
- Senju Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Azuma
- Senju Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
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Chen K, Sheng M, Zhang J, Yan G, Li B. Plasma exosomal proteomic studies of corneal epithelial injury in diabetic and non-diabetic group. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108794. [PMID: 34656547 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic Keratopathy (DK) is one of the significant complications of type II diabetes (T2DM) with pathogenesis not yet clarified. Since hyperglycemia is able to change the protein components contained in plasma exosomes, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is considered as feasible to analyze the expression of plasma exosomal proteins in patients with T2DM and non-diabetic patients respectively, find critical biological markers, and explore the mechanism of DK as well as potential therapeutic targets. METHOD Blood and clinical information of corneal epithelial injury in a diabetic group (the study group) and a non-diabetic group (the control group), who were patients admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine from July 2020 to November 2020, were collected. The qEV size exclusion method was adopted to separate exosomes from plasma. The exosomes were then identified through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analyzer (NTA), and Western blot. The plasma exosomes of the study group and the control group were quantitatively analyzed by proteomics. A bioinformatics method is utilized to screen differential proteins and the expression of the differential proteins was verified by Western blot. RESULT TEM indicated that the exosomes had a double-concave disc-like appearance, with a size of about 100 nm, and Western blot expressed as CD63 and TSG101. The plasma exosomes of the study group and the control group were analyzed by quantitative proteomics with a total number of 952 proteins detected of which 245 proteins existed in the ExoCarta exosomal protein database. Through adoption of P-value to screen credible differential proteins, the heat map displayed 28 differential proteins, 7 upregulated proteins, and 21 downregulated proteins; the volcano map displayed 7 upregulated proteins and 22 downregulated proteins; the PPI interaction map displayed 12 upregulated proteins and 18 downregulated proteins. Through GO enrichment analysis, it was identified that the differential protein participated in the main biological processes and was involved in regulating the cell's stimulation response to insulin, the insulin receptor signaling pathway, and the activity of glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D as well as anti-oxidation. The enriched cell components include main components such as exosomes, blood particles, and cytoplasm. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the target protein FLOT2 was mainly concentrated in insulin-related signaling pathways. Western blot indicated that the expression of FLOT2 in the study group was lower compared with the control group while the expression of Exo70 was higher. CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis of the study group and the control group displayed a variety of proteins in plasma exosomes. The downregulated protein FLOT2 in the study group was closely related to the occurrence, development, and complication of DK in T2DM patients. The expression status of plasma FLOT2 protein in T2DM patients is expected to be a biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring of DK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Minjie Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Guoquan Yan
- Institutes of Biomedical Science Fudan University, 131# Dong'an Rd, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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Ma B, Zhou Y, Liu R, Zhang K, Yang T, Hu C, Gao Y, Lan Q, Liu Y, Yang X, Qi H. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) plays anti-inflammatory roles in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2021; 20:70-85. [PMID: 33412338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in ocular surface in dry eye disease (DED) and its anti-inflammatory roles and mechanisms, clinically and by experiments in vivo and in vitro. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to detect the expression of PEDF in tears of dry eye patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using dry eye mouse model and human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs) stimulated by hyperosmolarity or inflammatory cytokines, expression of PEDF in corneal epithelial cells, stroma and conjunctiva was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, ELISA and Western blot. Next, either dry eye mice or hyperosmotic hCECs were treated with recombinant PEDF or neutralizing antibodies, and the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and immune cells were detected. Finally, Western blot was performed on MAPK and NF-κB to investigate the signaling pathways by which PEDF played its roles. RESULTS Concentrations of PEDF were increased in tears of dry eye patients. Increased PEDF was observed in corneal epithelial cells (CECs) rather than corneal stroma or conjunctiva in dry eye mice. Furthermore, hCECs exposed to hyperosmolarity showed upregulation of PEDF. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that PEDF suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-17A, as well as the percentage of Th17 cells in DED. Further investigation showed that PEDF inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and JNK in hyperosmotic hCECs. CONCLUSIONS CECs derived PEDF is increased in DED. PEDF plays anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory roles in the pathogenesis of DED.
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Xu ZY, Li JH, Li MJ, Zheng WL, Pan HW. Dataset supporting the proteomic characterization of human corneal epithelial cells with HSV-1 infection. Data Brief 2019; 27:104579. [PMID: 31673582 PMCID: PMC6817629 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 infection in cornea can cause corneal ulcer, scar formation and neovascularization, and finally lead to severe visual impairment. The corneal epithelium is the first barrier against HSV-1 infection, but the host-virus interaction in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) in the process is still not well understood. We applied iTRAQ based proteomic approach to investigate the dynamic change of the protein expression profile in HCECs with a view to gain insight into the host response to HSV-1 infection. Bioinformatic analysis of these dysregulated proteins help us to find the potential gene function and signaling pathway with which these dysregulated proteins are associated. In this work, we present the supporting information for the proteomic characterization for better share and reuse. The main methodological approaches and major findings of the proteomic experiments are described in [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Li
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Lin Zheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Yang Q, Li K, Li D, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wu K. Effects of fine particulate matter on the ocular surface: An in vitro and in vivo study. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109177. [PMID: 31387168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (fine PM) pollution has been previously associated with ocular surface diseases. But, to the best of our knowledge, the in vivo long-term effects of fine PM on the ocular surface have not been investigated. We aimed to evaluate the effects of fine PM on cultured human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and on the ocular surfaces of mice, with standard reference material of fine PM(SRM 2786). We applied fine PM suspension to the eyes of C57BL/6 mice for up to 6 months. In vivo examinations, including tear secretion, tear film break-up time (TBUT) and corneal fluorescein staining, were performed in the 3rd and 6th month. At the end of the in vivo study, the corneal histological changes and conjunctival goblet cells were examined by staining, and cytokines in tissue were also detected. In addition, HCE cells were treated with fine PM for 12 h and 24 h. Then, cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was detected. We found that fine PM damages the mouse eye in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In mice, the tear secretion and tear film break-up time were significantly reduced, along with the development of corneal epithelial damage, apoptosis of conjunctival epithelial cells and hypoplasia of conjunctival goblet cells. In addition, IL-18, IL-22, IL-23 and MCP-1 were increased in both conjunctiva and cornea of the fine PM-treated animals. Furthermore, increased apoptosis and ROS production were observed in time- and dose-dependent manner in HCE cells after fine PM exposure for 12 h and 24 h. Our results indicate that fine PM is cytotoxic to both HCE cells and the ocular surface. Long-term topical application of fine PM suspension in mice results in ocular surface changes that are similar to those observed with dry eye.
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11
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Nakajima KI, Tatsumi M, Zhao M. An Essential and Synergistic Role of Purinergic Signaling in Guided Migration of Corneal Epithelial Cells in Physiological Electric Fields. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 52:198-211. [PMID: 30816668 PMCID: PMC8917963 DOI: 10.33594/000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Directional migration of corneal epithelial cells is essential for healing of corneal wounds, which is a robust response mediated by biochemical and bioelectrical cues. Naturally occurring electric fields at corneal wounds provide a powerful guidance cue for directional cell migration, as does extracellular ATP. Our recent large-scale siRNA library screening identified a role for purinergic signaling in the electric field-guided migration (galvanotaxis/electrotaxis) of human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cells. Methods: We examined the effect of extracellular ATP on galvanotaxis of hTCEpi cells. Galvanotactic cell migration was recorded by video microscopy, and directedness and migration speed was calculated. The role of purinergic receptors in galvanotaxis regulation was evaluated by pharmacological inhibition or knocking down of P2X and P2Y receptors. Results: Addition of ATP enhanced galvanotaxis, and most remarkably sensitized galvanotaxis response to very low level of electric fields in the physiological range (10–30 mV/mm). The stimulatory effect of extracellular ATP was diminished by apyrase treatment. Importantly, cells stimulated with extracellular ATP migrated with significantly increased directedness and speed, which were diminished by knocking down or pharmacological inhibition of P2X and P2Y receptors. Inhibition of pannexin-1 (ATP permeable channel) significantly impaired galvanotaxis. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of ecto-ATPase enhanced galvanotaxis. Conclusion: Extracellular ATP and physiological electric fields synergistically enhanced the galvanotaxis response of hTCEpi cells. hTCEpi cells are likely to secrete ATP actively, and purinergic signaling is down-regulated by ecto-ATPases. Both P2X and P2Y receptors coordinately play a role for galvanotaxis of hTCEpi cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,
| | - Makiko Tatsumi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,
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12
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Morita M, Fujita N, Abe M, Hayashimoto K, Nakagawa T, Nishimura R, Tsuzuki K. Canine corneal epithelial cells possess a sustained proliferative capacity and generate a spontaneously derived cell line. Exp Eye Res 2018. [PMID: 29522723 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported characteristics of canine corneal epithelial cells in vitro and found that canine corneal epithelial cells could maintain their proliferative capacity even after continuous culture without the use of feeder cells and growth promoting additives. The objective of this study was to elucidate proliferative characteristics of canine corneal epithelial cells independent of feeder cells and growth promoting additives, with the aim of developing a spontaneously derived corneal epithelial cell line. Canine and rabbit corneal epithelial cells were harvested from the limbus and cultured with, or without, feeder cells and growth promoting additives, and both were passaged continuously until growth arrest. Canine corneal epithelial cells could proliferate independently, and could be passaged more times than rabbit cells. A canine corneal epithelial cell line, cCEpi, which could be passaged more than 100 times without using feeder cells and growth promoting additives, was established. cCEpi cells maintained a cell morphology close to the primary culture and expressed p63, cytokeratin 15 (K15), and K3. Although changes in colony morphology, shortening of the population doubling time and a heteroploid karyotype were observed, cCEpi was not tumorigenic. Stratified cell sheets cultured from cCEpi were morphologically and immunohistologically similar to sheets cultivated from early passage cells. In conclusion, canine corneal epithelial cells can proliferate independent of feeder cells and growth promoting additives. cCEpi maintains properties similar to normal corneal epithelial cells and could be a useful source for studies in cellular biology and for developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maresuke Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Momoko Abe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hayashimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Fukuda K, Ishida W, Miura Y, Kishimoto T, Fukushima A. Cytokine expression and barrier disruption in human corneal epithelial cells induced by alarmin released from necrotic cells. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2017; 61:415-22. [PMID: 28725984 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-017-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dying cells release endogenous molecules known as alarmins that signal danger to surrounding tissue. We investigated the effects of necrotic cell-derived alarmins on cytokine expression and barrier function in human corneal epithelial cells. METHODS The release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 from immortalized human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells in culture was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The abundance of IL-6 and 8 mRNAs was quantitated by reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Barrier function of HCE cells was evaluated by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The subcellular localization of the p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB was determined by immunofluorescence analysis, and phosphorylation of the endogenous NF-κB inhibitor IκBα was examined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS A necrotic cell supernatant prepared from HCE cells induced the up-regulation of IL-6 and 8 expression at both mRNA and protein levels as well as reduced TER in intact HCE cells. Among alarmins tested, only IL-1α (not IL-33 or HMGB1) mimicked these effects of the necrotic cell supernatant. Furthermore, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and neutralizing antibodies to IL-1α (but not those to IL-1β) each attenuated the effects of the necrotic cell supernatant. Exposure of HCE cells to the necrotic cell supernatant also induced the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα as well as translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to the nucleus. CONCLUSION IL-1α released from necrotic corneal epithelial cells may trigger inflammatory responses at the ocular surface, including cytokine production and barrier disruption.
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14
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Zhang Y, Xu G, Lee RM, Zhu Z, Wu J, Liao S, Zhang G, Sun Y, Mogilner A, Losert W, Pan T, Lin F, Xu Z, Zhao M. Collective cell migration has distinct directionality and speed dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3841-3850. [PMID: 28612218 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When a constraint is removed, confluent cells migrate directionally into the available space. How the migration directionality and speed increase are initiated at the leading edge and propagate into neighboring cells are not well understood. Using a quantitative visualization technique-Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)-we revealed that migration directionality and speed had strikingly different dynamics. Migration directionality increases as a wave propagating from the leading edge into the cell sheet, while the increase in cell migration speed is maintained only at the leading edge. The overall directionality steadily increases with time as cells migrate into the cell-free space, but migration speed remains largely the same. A particle-based compass (PBC) model suggests cellular interplay (which depends on cell-cell distance) and migration speed are sufficient to capture the dynamics of migration directionality revealed experimentally. Extracellular Ca2+ regulated both migration speed and directionality, but in a significantly different way, suggested by the correlation between directionality and speed only in some dynamic ranges. Our experimental and modeling results reveal distinct directionality and speed dynamics in collective migration, and these factors can be regulated by extracellular Ca2+ through cellular interplay. Quantitative visualization using PIV and our PBC model thus provide a powerful approach to dissect the mechanisms of collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Guoqing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Applied Computer Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Rachel M Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zijie Zhu
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simon Liao
- Department of Applied Computer Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Gong Zhang
- Seven Oaks Hospital Wellness Institute, 1075 Leila Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R2P 2W7, Canada.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Rd, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yaohui Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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15
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Zhao GQ, Qiu XY, Lin J, Li Q, Hu LT, Wang Q, Li H. Co-regulation of Dectin-1 and TLR2 in inflammatory response of human corneal epithelial cells induced by Aspergillus fumigates. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:185-90. [PMID: 26949633 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the co-regulation of dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1 (Dectin-1), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and relative chemotactic factors in the Telomease-immortalized human corneal epithelial (THCE) cells after exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) hyphae. METHODS The normal THCE cells were investigated as control. After cultured in vitro with Af hyphae, with or without laminarin and anti-TLR2 antibody for 4, 8, 16 and 24h, THCE cells were harvested. The expression of Dectin-1, TLR2, CXCL1 and CXCL8 mRNA were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction at the stimulation of 4, 8 and 16h separately. The protein expression of Dectin-1 and TLR2 were analyzed at 8, 16, and 24h by Western blot. RESULTS The mRNA expression of CXCL1 and CXCL8 increased in THCE cells after stimulated by Af hyphae. The stimulatory effects on these inflammatory chemokines were shown in a dose-dependent manner and reached the peak at 8h. Af hyphae significantly stimulated the production of Dectin-1 and TLR2 in THCE cells at both mRNA and protein levels. The protein of Dectin-1 and TLR2 gradually increased till 16h. While pretreated with laminarin (a Dectin-1 inhibitor), the expression of TLR2, CXCL1 and CXCL8 all decreased dramatically at the peak point. Interestingly, when pretreated with TLR2 neutralizing antibody, the expression of Dectin-1, CXCL1 and CXCL8 also decreased dramatically at the peak point. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Dectin-1 and TLR2 co-regulated with each other after treated with inactive Af hyphae in the THCE cells, and they contribute together to the inflammatory responses by induction of chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Qiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue-Yan Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Ting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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