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Toprak I, Cavas F, Velázquez JS, del Barrio JLA, Alio JL. A three-dimensional morpho-volumetric similarity study of Down syndrome keratopathy vs. keratoconus. Eye Vis (Lond) 2023; 10:4. [PMID: 36593521 PMCID: PMC9809058 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-022-00315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare and contrast morpho-volumetric features between Down syndrome (DS) cornea and non-DS keratoconic cornea by three-dimensional (3D) modelling. METHODS Forty-three subjects (43 eyes) with DS and 99 patients matching their age and sex (99 eyes) with keratoconus (KC) were included in this single-center cross-sectional study. Main outcome measures were high-order aberrations (HOA), central corneal thickness (CCT), spherical equivalent refraction, and morpho-volumetric parameters established using a 3D corneal model, such as deviation of anterior and posterior corneal apices (Dapexant/Dapexpost) and minimum thickness points (Dmctant/Dmctpost) from corneal vertex, areas of the anterior and posterior surfaces (Aant/Apost), sagittal area passing through the anterior and posterior corneal apices (Aapexant/Aapexpost) and minimum thickness point (Amctpost) and corneal volume of the complete cornea (Vtotal). RESULTS Age, gender, spherical equivalent refraction, CCT and Vtotal were similar between the net on-DS KC and DS groups (P > 0.05), while non-DS KC group had higher HOA than the DS group (P < 0.05). Dapexant, Aant, Apost and Aapexant showed higher values in the DS group than in the non-DS KC group, whereas Dapexpost showed a reduction in the DS group when compared with the non-DS KC group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that anterior and posterior corneal apex dynamics were specifically different in DS subjects, as the anterior apex tends to displace more prominently when compared to that from the non-DS KC group, while the posterior apex appears to be more stable than that in non-DS KC, which also support the theory that DS patients suffer from a specific keratopathy, distinctively different to KC but strongly related to it, and probably showing a diversity of corneal phenotypes in all cases of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Toprak
- grid.411742.50000 0001 1498 3798Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Francisco Cavas
- grid.218430.c0000 0001 2153 2602Bioengineering and Applied Computational Simulation Research Group, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain ,grid.218430.c0000 0001 2153 2602Department of Structures, Construction and Graphical Expression, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - José S. Velázquez
- grid.218430.c0000 0001 2153 2602Bioengineering and Applied Computational Simulation Research Group, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain ,grid.218430.c0000 0001 2153 2602Department of Structures, Construction and Graphical Expression, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Jorge L. Alio del Barrio
- grid.419256.dDepartment of Research and Development, VISSUM, Calle Cabañal, 1, Edificio Vissum, 03016 Alicante, Spain ,grid.419256.dCornea, Cataract and Refractive Surgery Department, VISSUM, Calle Cabañal, 1, Edificio Vissum, 03016 Alicante, Spain ,grid.26811.3c0000 0001 0586 4893Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Calle Cabañal, 1, Edificio Vissum, 03016 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge L. Alio
- grid.419256.dDepartment of Research and Development, VISSUM, Calle Cabañal, 1, Edificio Vissum, 03016 Alicante, Spain ,grid.419256.dCornea, Cataract and Refractive Surgery Department, VISSUM, Calle Cabañal, 1, Edificio Vissum, 03016 Alicante, Spain ,grid.26811.3c0000 0001 0586 4893Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Calle Cabañal, 1, Edificio Vissum, 03016 Alicante, Spain
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Pinnock A, Shivshetty N, Roy S, Rimmer S, Douglas I, MacNeil S, Garg P. Ex vivo rabbit and human corneas as models for bacterial and fungal keratitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 255:333-342. [PMID: 27844206 PMCID: PMC5285415 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the study of microbial keratitis, in vivo animal models often require a large number of animals, and in vitro monolayer cell culture does not maintain the three-dimensional structure of the tissues or cell-to-cell communication of in vivo models. Here, we propose reproducible ex vivo models of single- and dual-infection keratitis as an alternative to in vivo and in vitro models. METHODS Excised rabbit and human corneoscleral rims maintained in organ culture were infected using 108 cells of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans or Fusarium solani. The infection was introduced by wounding with a scalpel and exposing corneas to the microbial suspension or by intrastromal injection. Post-inoculation, corneas were maintained for 24 and 48 h at 37 °C. After incubation, corneas were either homogenised to determine colony-forming units (CFU)/cornea or processed for histological examination using routine staining methods. Single- and mixed-species infections were compared. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in CFU after 48 h compared to 24 h with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. However, no such increase was observed in corneas infected with C. albicans or F. solani. The injection method yielded an approximately two- to 100-fold increase (p < 0.05) in the majority of organisms from infected corneas. Histology of the scalpel-wounded and injection models indicated extensive infiltration of P. aeruginosa throughout the entire cornea, with less infiltration observed for S. aureus, C. albicans and F. solani. The models also supported dual infections. CONCLUSIONS Both scalpel wounding and injection methods are suitable for inducing infection of ex vivo rabbit and human cornea models. These simple and reproducible models will be useful as an alternative to in vitro and in vivo models for investigating the detection and treatment of microbial keratitis, particularly when this might be due to two infective organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanhita Roy
- LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, India
| | | | - Ian Douglas
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK.
- The Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK.
| | - Prashant Garg
- LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500034, India
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