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Wu CC, Pan MR, Shih SL, Shiau JP, Wu CC, Chang SJ, Kao CN, Chen FM, Hou MF, Luo CW. Combination of FAK inhibitor and cytokine-induced killer cell therapy: An alternative therapeutic strategy for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114732. [PMID: 37254289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the loss of expression of several biomarkers, which limits treatment strategies for the disease. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of various tumors. Emerging evidence demonstrated that TNBC is an immune-activated cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy could be a feasible treatment option for TNBC. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy is considered as a potential treatment for cancer treatment. However, it is still not approved as a standard treatment in the clinical setting. Our previous study demonstrated that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays important role in regulating the sensitivity of TNBC cells to CIK cells. In this study, we further verify the role of FAK in regulating the immune response in vivo. Our in vitro study indicated that knockdown of FAK in TNBC cells or treat with the FAK inhibitor followed by co-culture with CIK cells induced more cell death than CIK cells treatment only. RNA-seq analysis indicated that suppression of FAK could affect several immune-related gene expressions in TNBC cells that affects the immune response in the tumor microenvironment of TNBC cells. The combination of FAK inhibitor and CIK cells significantly suppressed tumor growth than the treatment of FAK inhibitor or CIK cells alone in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the cytotoxic effect of CIK cell therapy in TNBC treatment and indicate that the combination of CIK cell therapy with FAK inhibitors may be an alternative therapeutic strategy for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Che Wu
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shen-Liang Shih
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Ping Shiau
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Jyuan Chang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Ni Kao
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Ming Chen
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Wen Luo
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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Osali A, Zhiani M, Ghaebi M, Meymanat M, Esmaeilzadeh A. Multidirectional Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses by Tumor Infiltrating Immune Cells. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105094. [PMID: 32795509 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy has demonstrated to be a promising approach in cancer treatment due to tumor-specific oncolysis. However, their clinical use so far has been largely limited due to the lack of suitable delivery strategies with high efficacy. Direct 'intratumoral' injection is the way to cross the hurdles of systemic toxicity, while providing local effects. Progress in this field has enabled the development of alternative way using 'systemic' oncolytic virotherapy for producing better results. One major potential roadblock to systemic OV delivery is the low virus persistence in the face of hostile immune system. The delivery challenge is even greater when attempting to target the oncolytic viruses into the entire tumor mass, where not all tumor cells are equally exposed to exactly the same microenvironment. The microenvironment of many tumors is known to be massively infiltrated with various types of leucocytes in both primary and metastatic sites. Interestingly, this intratumoral immune cell heterogeneity exhibits a degree of organized distribution inside the tumor bed as evidenced, for example, by the hypoxic tumor microenviroment where predominantly recruits tumor-associated macrophages. Although in vivo OV delivery seems complicated and challenging, recent results are encouraging for decreasing the limitations of systemically administered oncolytic viruses and an improved efficiency of oncolytic viral therapy in targeting cancerous tissues in vitro. Here, we review the latest developments of carrier cell-based oncolytic virus delivery using tumor-infiltrating immune cells with a focus on the main features of each cellular vehicle.
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