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Ozcicek I, Aysit N, Cakici C, Aydeger A. The effects of surface functionality and size of gold nanoparticles on neuronal toxicity, apoptosis, ROS production and cellular/suborgan biodistribution. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2021; 128:112308. [PMID: 34474859 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are emerging as promising nanomaterials to create nanoscale therapeutic delivery systems. The aim of the study was to synthesis of highly monodisperse and stable gold nanoparticles functionalized with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), multiparametric investigation of their neuronal toxicological effects and evaluation of the cellular/suborgan biodistribution. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP20 and AuNP50) were synthesized and their surfaces were electrostatically modified by PEI and PEG. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurones were isolated from BALB/c mice. Cell viability, apoptosis and ROS production were evaluated in vitro. Cellular and suborgan biodisribution of the AuNPs were investigated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique. PEI and PEG surface coating increased both biocompatibility and biodistribution of the AuNPs. ICP-MS measurements showed the presence of gold in liver, spleen, kidney, heart, blood and brain within a 30 days period. The size and surface chemistry of the AuNPs are important parameters for potential nanoteranostic applications in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Ozcicek
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Health Science and Technologies Research Institute (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nese Aysit
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Health Science and Technologies Research Institute (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagri Cakici
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asel Aydeger
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
We have previously reported that the microtubule-associated collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) is necessary for the expression of chronic pain. CRMP2 achieves this control of nociceptive signaling by virtue of its ability to regulate voltage-gated calcium and sodium channels. To date, however, no drugs exist that target CRMP2. Recently, the small molecule edonerpic maleate (1 -{3-[2-(1-benzothiophen-5-yl)ethoxy]propyl}azetidin-3-ol maleate), a candidate therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease was reported to be a novel CRMP2 binding compound with the potential to decrease its phosphorylation level in cortical tissues in vivo. Here we sought to determine the mechanism of action of edonerpic maleate and test its possible effect in a rodent model of chronic pain. We observed: (i) no binding between human CRMP2 and edonerpic maleate; (ii) edonerpic maleate had no effect on CRMP2 expression and phosphorylation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons; (iii) edonerpic maleate-decreased calcium but increased sodium current density in DRG neurons; and (iv) edonerpic maleate was ineffective in reversing post-surgical allodynia in male and female mice. Thus, while CRMP2 inhibiting compounds remain a viable strategy for developing new mechanism-based pain inhibitors, edonerpic maleate is an unlikely candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zhiming Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital & Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Victor G Miranda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Liberty François-Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Cynthia L Madura
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - May Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Abstract
Amongst the regulators of voltage-gated ion channels is the collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2). CRMP2 regulation of the activity and trafficking of NaV1.7 voltage-gated sodium channels as well as the N-type (CaV2.2) voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) has been reported. On the other hand, CRMP2 does not appear to regulate L- (CaV1.x), P/Q- (CaV2.1), and R- (CaV2.3) type high VGCCs. Whether CRMP2 regulates low VGCCs remains an open question. Here, we asked if CRMP2 could regulate the low voltage-gated (T-type/CaV3.x) channels in sensory neurons. Reducing CRMP2 protein levels with short interfering RNAs yielded no change in macroscopic currents carried by T-type channels. No change in biophysical properties of the T-type currents was noted. Future studies pursuing CRMP2 druggability in neuropathic pain will benefit from the findings that CRMP2 regulates only the N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cai
- a Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine , The University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Zhiming Shan
- a Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine , The University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson , AZ , USA.,b Department of Anesthesiology , Shenzhen People's Hospital & Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University , Shenzhen , P.R. China
| | - Zhongjun Zhang
- b Department of Anesthesiology , Shenzhen People's Hospital & Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University , Shenzhen , P.R. China
| | - Aubin Moutal
- a Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine , The University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- a Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine , The University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson , AZ , USA.,c The Center for Innovation in Brain Sciences , The University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson , AZ , USA
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