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Zhao Q, Chen L, Liang F, Wang S, Wang G, Yu H, Zhang H. Angular Engineering Strategy for Enhanced Surface Nonlinear Frequency Conversion in Centrosymmetric Topological Semimetal HfGe 0.92Te. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2310438. [PMID: 38165969 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Surface nonlinear optics are essential for developments in integrated photonics and micro/nano optoelectronics. However, the nonlinear optical conversion efficiency on a surface is restricted by the finite nonlinear susceptibility of matter and the intrinsic atomic-layered interaction length between light and matter. In this work, based on an angular engineering strategy, it is demonstrated that the centrosymmetric topological semimetal HfGe0.92Te crystal has a giant and anisotropic surface second-order nonlinear susceptibility up to 5535 ± 308 pm V-1 and exhibits efficient and unprecedented second-harmonic generation (SHG). The maximum optical conversion efficiency is found to be up to 3.75‰, which is 104 times higher than that obtained from a silicon surface. Because of the linear dispersion over a wide range of energies around the Dirac points, this high conversion efficiency can be maintained with SHG wavelengths ranging from the visible region (779 nm) to the deep-UV region (257.5 nm). This study can facilitate the development of topological photonics and integrated nonlinear photonics based on topological semimetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Long Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
- Institute of Materials Science, TU Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Shuxian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Haohai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Huaijin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Kumar MA, Jayavel R, Mahalingam S, Kim J, Atchudan R. Detection of Interleukin-6 Protein Using Graphene Field-Effect Transistor. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:834. [PMID: 37754068 PMCID: PMC10526909 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Universal platforms to analyze biomolecules using sensor devices can address critical diagnostic challenges. Sensor devices like electrical-based field-effect transistors play an essential role in sensing biomolecules by charge probing. Graphene-based devices are more suitable for these applications. It has been previously reported that Graphene Field-Effect Transistor (GFET) devices detect DNA hybridization, pH sensors, and protein molecules. Graphene became a promising material for electrical-based field-effect transistor devices in sensing biomarkers, including biomolecules and proteins. In the last decade, FET devices have detected biomolecules such as DNA molecules, pH, glucose, and protein. These studies have suggested that the reference electrode is placed externally and measures the transfer characteristics. However, the external probing method damages the samples, requiring safety measurements and a substantial amount of time. To control this problem, the graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) device is fabricated with an inbuilt gate that acts as a reference electrode to measure the biomolecules. Herein, the monolayer graphene is exfoliated, and the GFET is designed with an in-built gate to detect the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein. IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine which plays a significant role in immune regulation and metabolism. Additionally, IL-6 subsidizes a variability of disease states, including many types of cancer development, and metastasis, progression, and increased levels of IL-6 are associated with a higher risk of cancer and can also serve as a prognostic marker for cancer. Here, the protein is desiccated on the GFET device and measured, and Dirac point shifting in the transfer characteristics systematically evaluates the device's performance. Our work yielded a conductive and electrical response with the IL-6 protein. This graphene-based transducer with an inbuilt gate gives a promising platform to enable low-cost, compact, facile, real-time, and sensitive amperometric sensors to detect IL-6. Targeting this pathway may help develop treatments for several other symptoms, such as neuromyelitis optica, uveitis, and, more recently, COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoharan Arun Kumar
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Technology, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Bengaluru 561203, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramasamy Jayavel
- Centre for Crystal Growth, Anna University, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Shanmugam Mahalingam
- Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Junghwan Kim
- Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
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Han Q, Jiang Y, Liu X, Zhang C, Wang J. Light response and adsorption interaction of black phosphorus quantum dots and single-layer graphene phototransistor. Front Optoelectron 2023; 16:9. [PMID: 37222911 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are synthesized and combined with graphene sheet. The fabricated BPQDs/graphene devices are capable of detecting visible and near infrared radiation. The adsorption effect of BPQDs in graphene is clarified by the relationship of the photocurrent and the shift of the Dirac point with different substrate. The Dirac point moves toward a neutral point under illumination with both SiO2/Si and Si3N4/Si substrates, indicating an anti-doped feature of photo-excitation. To our knowledge, this provides the first observation of photoresist induced photocurrent in such systems. Without the influence of the photoresist the device can respond to infrared light up to 980 nm wavelength in vacuum in a cryostat, in which the photocurrent is positive and photoconduction effect is believed to dominate the photocurrent. Finally, the adsorption effect is modeled using a first-principle method to give a picture of charge transfer and orbital contribution in the interaction of phosphorus atoms and single-layer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xianchao Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Chaoyi Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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Huang SM, Wang PC, Hung KY, Cheng FE, Li CY, Chou M. On the Paramagnetic-Like Susceptibility Peaks at Zero Magnetic Field in [Formula: see text] Single Crystals. Nanoscale Res Lett 2022; 17:107. [PMID: 36355312 PMCID: PMC9649580 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A weakly temperature-dependent paramagnetic-like susceptibility peak at zero magnetic field is observed in [Formula: see text] with only marginal amount of ferromagnetic impurities. The ferromagnetic hysteresis loop and the magnetic moment splitting between zero-field-cooled and field-cooled processes indicate ferromagnetism in the samples. The paramagnetic-like susceptibility peak height is proportional to the remanent magnetic moment of hysteresis loops. High-resolution transmission electron microscope image supports that the observed ferromagnetic feature originates from lattice distortion. These results imply that the weakly temperature-dependent paramagnetic-like susceptibility peak originates from weak lattice distortion and/or superparamagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Ming Huang
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Cing Wang
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yi Hung
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-En Cheng
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Li
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mitch Chou
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 80424 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Huang SM, Wang PC, Chen PC, Hong JL, Cheng CM, Jian HL, Yan YJ, Yu SH, Chou MMC. The Singularity Paramagnetic Peak of Bi 0.3Sb 1.7Te 3 with p-type Surface State. Nanoscale Res Lett 2022; 17:12. [PMID: 35032238 PMCID: PMC8761187 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The magnetization measurement was performed in the Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3 single crystal. The magnetic susceptibility revealed a paramagnetic peak independent of the experimental temperature variation. It is speculated to be originated from the free-aligned spin texture at the Dirac point. The ARPES reveals that the Fermi level lies below the Dirac point. The Fermi wavevector extracted from the de Haas-van Alphen oscillation is consistent with the energy dispersion in the ARPES. Our experimental results support that the observed paramagnetic peak in the susceptibility curve does not originate from the free-aligned spin texture at the Dirac point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Ming Huang
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
- Taiwan Consortium of Emergent Crystalline Materials, TCECM, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Pin-Cing Wang
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Pin-Cyuan Chen
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Jai-Long Hong
- Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Maw Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsin-Chiu, 80076 Taiwan
| | - Hao-Lun Jian
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - You-Jhih Yan
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsun Yu
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
| | - Mitch M. C. Chou
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
- Taiwan Consortium of Emergent Crystalline Materials, TCECM, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan
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Woo SO, Froberg J, Pan Y, Tani S, Goldsmith BR, Yang Z, Choi Y. Protein Detection using Quadratic Fit Analysis Near Dirac Point of Graphene Field Effect Biosensors. ACS Appl Electron Mater 2020; 2:913-919. [PMID: 32550598 PMCID: PMC7299209 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.9b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although graphene-based biosensors provid extreme sensitivity for the detection of atoms, gases, and biomolecules, the specificity of graphene biosensors to the target molecules requires surface decoration of graphene with bifunctional linkers such pyrene derivatives. Here, we demonstrate that the pyrene functionalization influences graphene's electrical properties by yielding partial formation of bilayer graphene which was confirmed by Raman 2D spectrum. Based on this observation, we introduce quadratic fit analysis of the nonlinear electrical behavior of pyrene-functionalized graphene near the Dirac point. Compared to the conventional linear fit analysis of the transconductance at a distance from the Dirac point, the quadratic fit analysis of the nonlinear transconductance near the Dirac point increased the overall protein detection sensitivity by a factor of 5. Furthermore, we show that both pyrene linkers and gating voltage near the Dirac point play critical roles in sensitive and reliable detection of proteins' biological activities with the graphene biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Oh Woo
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - James Froberg
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Yanxiong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Sakurako Tani
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Brett R. Goldsmith
- Cardea Bio Inc., 9649 Towne Centre Dr. Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Yongki Choi
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
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Lee S, Nathan A, Alexander-Webber J, Braeuninger-Weimer P, Sagade AA, Lu H, Hasko D, Robertson J, Hofmann S. Dirac-Point Shift by Carrier Injection Barrier in Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Operation at Room Temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:10618-10621. [PMID: 29557636 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A positive shift in the Dirac point in graphene field-effect transistors was observed with Hall-effect measurements coupled with Kelvin-probe measurements at room temperature. This shift can be explained by the asymmetrical behavior of the contact resistance by virtue of the electron injection barrier at the source contact. As an outcome, an intrinsic resistance is given to allow a retrieval of an intrinsic carrier mobility found to be decreased with increasing gate bias, suggesting the dominance of short-range scattering in a single-layer graphene field-effect transistor. These results analytically correlate the field-effect parameters with intrinsic graphene properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsik Lee
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Jack Alexander-Webber
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Abhay A Sagade
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Haichang Lu
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - David Hasko
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - John Robertson
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue , Cambridge , CB3 0FA , United Kingdom
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Manoharan AK, Chinnathambi S, Jayavel R, Hanagata N. Simplified detection of the hybridized DNA using a graphene field effect transistor. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2017; 18:43-50. [PMID: 28179957 PMCID: PMC5256270 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2016.1253408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Detection of disease-related gene expression by DNA hybridization is a useful diagnostic method. In this study a monolayer graphene field effect transistor (GFET) was fabricated for the detection of a particular single-stranded DNA (target DNA). The probe DNA, which is a single-stranded DNA with a complementary nucleotide sequence, was directly immobilized onto the graphene surface without any linker. The VDirac was shifted to the negative direction in the probe DNA immobilization. A further shift of VDirac in the negative direction was observed when the target DNA was applied to GFET, but no shift was observed upon the application of non-complementary mismatched DNA. Direct immobilization of double-stranded DNA onto the graphene surface also shifted the VDirac in the negative direction to the same extent as that of the shift induced by the immobilization of probe DNA and following target DNA application. These results suggest that the further shift of VDirac after application of the target DNA to the GFET was caused by the hybridization between the probe DNA and target DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Manoharan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University, Chennai, India
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Ramasamy Jayavel
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Liu G, Liu SB, Xu B, Ouyang CY, Song HY, Guan S, Yang SA. Multiple Dirac Points and Hydrogenation-Induced Magnetism of Germanene Layer on Al (111) Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4936-4942. [PMID: 26606861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A continuous germanene layer grown on the Al (111) surface has recently been achieved in experiment. In this work, we investigate its structural, electronic, and hydrogenation-induced properties through first-principles calculations. We find that despite having a different lattice structure from its free-standing form, germanene on Al (111) still possesses Dirac points at high-symmetry K and K' points. More importantly, there exist another three pairs of Dirac points on the K(K')-M high-symmetry lines, which have highly anisotropic dispersions due to the reduced symmetry. These massless Dirac Fermions become massive when spin-orbit coupling is included. Hydrogenation of the germanene layer strongly affects its structural and electronic properties. Particularly, when not fully hydrogenated, ferromagnetism can be induced due to unpaired local orbitals from the unsaturated Ge atoms. Remarkably, we discover that the one-side semihydrogenated germanene turns out to be a two-dimensional half-semimetal, representing a novel state of matter that is simultaneously a half-metal and a semimetal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Strong-field and Ultrafast Photonics Lab, Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
- College of Physics and Communication Electronics, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330022, China
| | - S B Liu
- Strong-field and Ultrafast Photonics Lab, Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
| | - B Xu
- College of Physics and Communication Electronics, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330022, China
| | - C Y Ouyang
- College of Physics and Communication Electronics, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330022, China
| | - H Y Song
- Strong-field and Ultrafast Photonics Lab, Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
| | - S Guan
- Research Laboratory for Quantum Materials and EPD Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design , Singapore 487372, Singapore
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengyuan A Yang
- Research Laboratory for Quantum Materials and EPD Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design , Singapore 487372, Singapore
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