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Marques-Carvalho A, Sardão VA, Kim HN, Almeida M. ECSIT is essential for RANKL-induced stimulation of mitochondria in osteoclasts and a target for the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of estrogens. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1110369. [PMID: 37152948 PMCID: PMC10157190 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Estrogens inhibit bone resorption and preserve bone mass, at least in part, via direct effects on osteoclasts. The binding of RANKL, the critical cytokine for osteoclast differentiation, to its receptor in osteoclast precursor cells of the monocyte lineage recruits the adaptor protein TRAF6 and activates multiple signaling pathways. Early effects of RANKL include stimulation of mitochondria. 17β-estradiol (E2) prevents the effects of RANKL on mitochondria and promotes mitochondria mediated apoptotic cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the actions of RANKL and estrogens on mitochondria remain unknown. Evolutionarily Conserved Signaling Intermediate in Toll Pathway (ECSIT) is a complex I-associated protein that regulates immune responses in macrophages following the engagement of Toll-like receptors, which also recruit TRAF6. Here, we examined whether ECSIT could be implicated in the rapid effects of RANKL and E2 on osteoclast progenitors. Methods Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from C57BL/6 mice were cultured with RANKL (30 ng/ml) with or without E2 (10-8 M). ECSIT-TRAF6 interaction was evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation and ECSIT levels in mitochondria and cytosolic fractions by Western blot. ShRNA lentivirus particles were used to knockdown ECSIT. Osteoclasts were enumerated after tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates were measured with Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer. ATP, lactate, and NAD/NADH were measured with commercial assay kits. NADH oxidation to NAD was used to evaluate Complex I activity. Total and mitochondrial ROS, and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured with H2DCFDA, MitoSOX, and TMRM probes, respectively. Degradation of DEVD-AFC was used to measure Caspase-3 activity. Results We found that RANKL promoted ECSIT-TRAF6 interaction and increased the levels of ECSIT in mitochondria. E2 abrogated these effects of RANKL. Silencing of ECSIT decreased osteoclast differentiation and abrogated the inhibitory effects of E2 on osteoclastogenesis. Loss of ECSIT decreased complex I activity, oxygen consumption, NAD+/NADH redox ratio, and ATP production and increased mitochondrial ROS. In the absence of ECSIT, the stimulatory actions of RANKL on complex I activity and all other markers of oxidative phosphorylation, as well as their inhibition by E2, were prevented. Instead, RANKL stimulated apoptosis of osteoclast progenitors. Discussion These findings suggest that dysregulated mitochondria cause a switch in RANKL signaling from pro-survival to pro-apoptotic. In addition, our results indicate that ECSIT represents a central node for the early effects of RANKL on mitochondria and that inhibition of ECSIT-mediated mitochondria stimulation might contribute to the bone protective actions of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Marques-Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vilma A. Sardão
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Aging (MIA-Portugal), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ha-Neui Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria Almeida,
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Qi Z, Pi X, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Wangkahart E, Meng F, Wang Z. Molecular characterization of the evolutionary conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways ( ECSIT) of soiny mullet (Liza haematocheila). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 130:79-85. [PMID: 36087818 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian evolutionary conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT) is an important intracellular protein that involves in innate immunity, embryogenesis, and assembly or stability of the mitochondrial complex I. In the present study, the ECSIT was characterized in soiny mullet (Liza haematocheila). The full-length cDNA of mullet ECSIT was 1860 bp, encoding 449 amino acids. Mullet ECSIT shared 60.4%∼78.2% sequence identities with its teleost counterparts. Two conserved protein domains, ECSIT domain and C-terminal domain, were found in mullet ECSIT. Realtime qPCR analysis revealed that mullet ECSIT was distributed in all examined tissues with high expressions in spleen, head kidney (HK) and gill. Further analysis showed that mullet ECSIT in spleen was up-regulated from 6 h to 48 h after Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection. In addition, the co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay confirmed that mullet ECSIT could interact with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Molecular docking revealed that the polar interaction and hydrophobic interaction play crucial roles in the forming of ECSIT-TRAF6 complex. The resides of mullet ECSIT that involved in the interaction between ECSIT and TRAF6 were Arg107, Glu113, Phe114, Glu124, Lys120 and Lys121, which mainly located in the ECSIT domain. Our results demonstrated that mullet ECSIT involved in the immune defense against bacterial and regulation of TLRs signaling pathway by interaction with TRAF6. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on ECSIT of soiny mullet, which deepen the understanding of ECSIT and its functions in the immune response of teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China.
| | - Xiangyu Pi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Qihuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Eakapol Wangkahart
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Nutrigenomics, Applied Animal and Aquatic Sciences Research Unit, Division of Fisheries, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Fancui Meng
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zisheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
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Speijer D. Molecular characteristics of the multi-functional FAO enzyme ACAD9 illustrate the importance of FADH 2 /NADH ratios for mitochondrial ROS formation. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200056. [PMID: 35708204 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago I postulated that ROS formation in mitochondria was influenced by different FADH2 /NADH (F/N) ratios of catabolic substrates. Thus, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) would give higher ROS formation than glucose oxidation. Both the emergence of peroxisomes and neurons not using FAO, could be explained thus. ROS formation in NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) comes about by reverse electron transport (RET) due to high QH2 levels, and scarcity of its electron-acceptor (Q) during FAO. The then new, unexpected, finding of an FAO enzyme, ACAD9, being involved in complex I biogenesis, hinted at connections in line with the hypothesis. Recent findings about ACAD9's role in regulation of respiration fit with predictions the model makes: cementing connections between ROS production and F/N ratios. I describe how ACAD9 might be central to reversing the oxidative damage in complex I resulting from FAO. This seems to involve two distinct, but intimately connected, ACAD9 characteristics: (i) its upregulation of complex I biogenesis, and (ii) releasing FADH2 , with possible conversion into FMN, the crucial prosthetic group of complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Speijer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Ge Q, Wang J, Li J, Li J. Identification, characterization, and functional analysis of Toll and ECSIT in Exopalaemon carinicauda. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 116:103926. [PMID: 33238179 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll and evolutionary conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT) are two essential molecules in Toll/Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling pathway. In this study, Toll and ECSIT (named as EcToll and EcECSIT) were identified for the first time from Exopalaemon carinicauda. EcToll mRNA transcripts were high expressed in hemocytes and gill, and EcECSIT was mainly expressed in gill. The expression levels of EcToll and EcECSIT in gills both responded rapidly to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and WSSV stimulations and three types of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes were significantly up-regulated by challenge with V. parahaemolyticus. Knockdown of EcToll or EcECSIT increased the sensitivity of E. carinicauda to V. parahaemolyticus challenge and double knockdown of both EcToll and EcECSIT significantly suppressed the bacterial clearance ability of E. carinicauda in vivo. Furthermore, suppressing EcToll restrained the upregulation of EcECSIT and AMPs and suppressing EcECSIT impaired expression of AMPs by V. parahaemolyticus injection, which indicated that EcToll restricted V. parahaemolyticus infection through activating EcECSIT to induce AMPs. This study provides valuable information about the function of Toll-ECSIT pathway in the innate immunity in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ge
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jitao Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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5
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Kim MJ, Min Y, Shim JH, Chun E, Lee KY. CRBN Is a Negative Regulator of Bactericidal Activity and Autophagy Activation Through Inhibiting the Ubiquitination of ECSIT and BECN1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2203. [PMID: 31620128 PMCID: PMC6759600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) as a multifunctional protein has been extensively studied. Here, we show that CRBN is a negative regulator of bactericidal activity and autophagy activation. Mitochondrial localization of CRBN was significantly increased in response to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation. CRBN interrupted the association of evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT)-TNF-receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) complex, thereby inhibiting the ubiquitination of ECSIT, which plays a pivotal role for the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). Subsequently, mROS levels were markedly elevated in CRBN-knockdown (CRBNKD) THP-1 cells, and that led to resistance against S. typhimurium infection, indicating CRBN is a negative regulator of bactericidal activity through the regulation of mROS. Additionally, CRBN inhibited TRAF6-induced ubiquitination of BECN1 (Beclin 1), and that induced autophagy activation in CRBNKD THP-1, CRBN-knockout (CRBNKO) H1299, and CRBNKO MCF7 cancer cells in response to TLR4 stimulation. Notably, we found that the ability of cancer migration and invasion was significantly enhanced in CRBNKO H1299 and CRBNKO MCF7 cancer cells, as compared with those of control cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that CRBN is a negative regulator of bactericidal activity and autophagy activation through inhibiting the TRAF6-induced ubiquitination of ECSIT and BECN1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoon Min
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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Timmons JA, Volmar C, Crossland H, Phillips BE, Sood S, Janczura KJ, Törmäkangas T, Kujala UM, Kraus WE, Atherton PJ, Wahlestedt C. Longevity-related molecular pathways are subject to midlife "switch" in humans. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12970. [PMID: 31168962 PMCID: PMC6612641 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that molecular aging may follow nonlinear or discontinuous trajectories. Whether this occurs in human neuromuscular tissue, particularly for the noncoding transcriptome, and independent of metabolic and aerobic capacities, is unknown. Applying our novel RNA method to quantify tissue coding and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), we identified ~800 transcripts tracking with age up to ~60 years in human muscle and brain. In silico analysis demonstrated that this temporary linear "signature" was regulated by drugs, which reduce mortality or extend life span in model organisms, including 24 inhibitors of the IGF-1/PI3K/mTOR pathway that mimicked, and 5 activators that opposed, the signature. We profiled Rapamycin in nondividing primary human myotubes (n = 32 HTA 2.0 arrays) and determined the transcript signature for reactive oxygen species in neurons, confirming that our age signature was largely regulated in the "pro-longevity" direction. Quantitative network modeling demonstrated that age-regulated ncRNA equaled the contribution of protein-coding RNA within structures, but tended to have a lower heritability, implying lncRNA may better reflect environmental influences. Genes ECSIT, UNC13, and SKAP2 contributed to a network that did not respond to Rapamycin, and was associated with "neuron apoptotic processes" in protein-protein interaction analysis (FDR = 2.4%). ECSIT links inflammation with the continued age-related downwards trajectory of mitochondrial complex I gene expression (FDR < 0.01%), implying that sustained inhibition of ECSIT may be maladaptive. The present observations link, for the first time, model organism longevity programs with the endogenous but temporary genome-wide responses to aging in humans, revealing a pattern that may ultimately underpin personalized rates of health span.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Timmons
- Division of Genetics and Molecular MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Scion HouseStirling University Innovation ParkStirlingUK
| | - Claude‐Henry Volmar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic InnovationUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFlorida
| | - Hannah Crossland
- Division of Genetics and Molecular MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby HospitalUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | | | - Sanjana Sood
- Division of Genetics and Molecular MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Karolina J. Janczura
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic InnovationUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFlorida
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Urho M. Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | | | | | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Therapeutic InnovationUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFlorida
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Abstract
Clinical and laboratory observations strongly suggest that the innate immune system induces flare-ups in the setting of dysregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). In order to investigate the signaling substrates of this hypothesis, we examined toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in connective tissue progenitor cells (CTPCs) from FOP patients and unaffected individuals. We found that inflammatory stimuli broadly activate TLR expression in FOP CTPCs and that TLR3/TLR4 signaling amplifies BMP pathway signaling through both ligand dependent and independent mechanisms. Importantly, Evolutionarily Conserved Signaling Intermediate in the Toll Pathway (ECSIT) integrates TLR injury signaling with dysregulated BMP pathway signaling in FOP CTPCs. These findings provide novel insight into the cell autonomous integration of injury signals from the innate immune system with dysregulated response signals from the BMP signaling pathway and provide new exploratory targets for therapeutic approaches to blocking the induction and amplification of FOP lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Research, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Edward M Behrens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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8
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Min Y, Wi SM, Shin D, Chun E, Lee KY. Peroxiredoxin-6 Negatively Regulates Bactericidal Activity and NF-κB Activity by Interrupting TRAF6- ECSIT Complex. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:94. [PMID: 28393051 PMCID: PMC5364181 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A TRAF6-ECSIT complex is crucial for the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation induced by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Peroxiredoxin-6 (Prdx6) as a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes is involved in antioxidant protection and cell signaling. Here, we report on a regulatory role of Prdx6 in mROS production and NF-κB activation by TLR4. Prdx6 was translocated into the mitochondria by TLR4 stimulation and Prdx6-knockdown (Prdx6KD) THP-1 cells had increased level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels and were resistant to Salmonella typhimurium infection. Biochemical studies revealed Prdx6 interaction with the C-terminal TRAF-C domain of TRAF6, which drove translocation into the mitochondria. Interestingly, Prdx6 competitively interacted with ECSIT to TRAF6 through its C-terminal TRAF-C domain, leading to the interruption of TRAF6-ECSIT interaction. The inhibitory effect was critically implicated in the activation of NF-κB induced by TLR4. Overexpression of Prdx6 led to the inhibition of NF-κB induced by TLR4, whereas Prdx6KD THP-1 cells displayed enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 and -1β, and the up-regulation of NF-κB-dependent genes induced by TLR4 stimulation. Taken together, the data demonstrate that Prdx6 interrupts the formation of TRAF6-ECSIT complex induced by TLR4 stimulation, leading to suppression of bactericidal activity because of inhibited mROS production in mitochondria and the inhibition of NF-κB activation in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Min
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sae M Wi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Shin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon, South Korea
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Lin YH, Zhang W, Li JW, Zhang HW, Chen DY. [Amphioxus ortholog of ECSIT, an evolutionarily conserved adaptor in the Toll and BMP signaling pathways]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2017; 51:42-49. [PMID: 28251965 DOI: 10.7868/s0026898417010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in the Toll pathway (ECSIT) interacts with the TNF-receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to regulate the processing of MEKK1, activate NF-κB, and also control BMP target genes. However, the role of ECSIT in invertebrates remains largely unexplored. We performed comparative investigations of the expression, gene structure, and phylogeny of ECSIT, Toll-like receptor (TLR), and Smad4 in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma belcheri. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that, in amphioxus, ECSIT, TLR, and Smad4 form independent clusters at the base of Chordate clusters. Interestingly, overall gene structures were comparable to those in vertebrate orthologs. Transcripts of AmphiECSIT were detectable at the mid-neural stage, and continued to be expressed in the epithelium of the pharyngeal region at later stages. In adult animals, strong expression was observed in the nerve cord, endostyle, epithelial cells of the gut and wheel organ, genital membrane of the testis, and coelom and lymphoid cavities, what is highly similar to AmphiTLR and AmphiSmad4 expression patterns during development and in adult organisms. Our data suggests that ECSIT is evolutionarily conserved. Its amphioxus ortholog functions during embryonic development and as part of the innate immune system and may be involved in TLR/BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells и Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - W Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells и Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - J W Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells и Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - H W Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells и Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - D Y Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells и Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.,Medical School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,
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Elurbe DM, Huynen MA. The origin of the supernumerary subunits and assembly factors of complex I: A treasure trove of pathway evolution. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1857:971-9. [PMID: 27048931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We review and document the evolutionary origin of all complex I assembly factors and nine supernumerary subunits from protein families. Based on experimental data and the conservation of critical residues we identify a spectrum of protein function conservation between the complex I representatives and their non-complex I homologs. This spectrum ranges from proteins that have retained their molecular function but in which the substrate specificity may have changed or have become more specific, like NDUFAF5, to proteins that have lost their original molecular function and critical catalytic residues like NDUFAF6. In between are proteins that have retained their molecular function, which however appears unrelated to complex I, like ACAD9, or proteins in which amino acids of the active site are conserved but for which no enzymatic activity has been reported, like NDUFA10. We interpret complex I evolution against the background of molecular evolution theory. Complex I supernumerary subunits and assembly factors appear to have been recruited from proteins that are mitochondrial and/or that are expressed when complex I is active. Within the evolution of complex I and its assembly there are many cases of neofunctionalization after gene duplication, like ACAD9 and TMEM126B, one case of subfunctionalization: ACPM1 and ACPM2 in Yarrowia lipolytica, and one case in which a complex I protein itself appears to have been the source of a new protein from another complex: NDUFS6 gave rise to cytochrome c oxidase subunit COX4/COX5b. Complex I and its assembly can therewith be regarded as a treasure trove for pathway evolution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Respiratory complex I, edited by Volker Zickermann and Ulrich Brandt.
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Abstract
ECSIT (evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways) is known as a multifunctional regulator in different signals, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TGF-β, and BMP. Here, we report a new regulatory role of ECSIT in TLR4-mediated signal. By LPS stimulation, ECSIT formed a high molecular endogenous complex including TAK1 and TRAF6, in which ECSIT interacted with each protein and regulated TAK1 activity, leading to the activation of NF-κB. ECSIT-knockdown THP-1 (ECSIT(KD) THP-1) cells exhibited severe impairments in NF-κB activity, cytokine production, and NF-κB-dependent gene expression, whereas those were dramatically restored by reintroduction of wild type (WT) ECSIT gene. Interestingly, ECSIT mutants, which lack a specific interacting domain for either TAK1 or TRAF6, could not restore these activities. Moreover, no significant changes in both NF-κB activity and cytokine production induced by TLR4 could be seen in TAK1(KD) or TRAF6(KD) THP-1 cells transduced by WT ECSIT, strongly suggesting the essential requirement of TAK1-ECSIT-TRAF6 complex in TLR4 signaling. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the ECSIT complex, including TAK1 and TRAF6, plays a pivotal role in TLR4-mediated signals to activate NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Mi Wi
- From the Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Gyuyoung Moon
- From the Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Juhong Kim
- From the Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Seong-Tae Kim
- From the Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- From the Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea,
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12
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Chen WN, Liu LL, Jiao BY, Lin WS, Lin XJ, Lin X. Hepatitis B virus X protein increases the IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation via interaction with evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways ( ECSIT). Virus Res 2014; 195:236-45. [PMID: 25449573 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) transactivates multiple transcription factors including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) that regulates inflammatory-related genes. However, the regulatory mechanism of HBx in NF-κB activation remains largely unknown. This study reports that HBx augments the interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced NF-κB activation via interaction with a Toll-like receptor (TLR) adapter protein, ECSIT (evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways). GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation analyses showed that HBx interacted with ECSIT. Deletion analysis of HBx in a CytoTrap two-hybrid system revealed that the interaction region of HBx for ECSIT was attributed to aa 51-80. Co-transfection of HBx and ECSIT in IL-1β-stimulated cells appeared to activate IKK and IκB signaling pathway as phosphorylation of both IKK α/β and IκBα was increased whereas knockdown of ECSIT or HBxΔ51-80 mutant attenuated the phosphorylation. As a consequence of IκBα degradation, NF-κB was activated as evidenced by increases in NF-κB transcriptional activity and the nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 that resulted in the induction of IL-10. In contrast, knockdown of ECSIT by siRNA or treatment with an NF-κB selective inhibitor (helenalin) abolished the NF-κB activation and IL-10 expression. We conclude that ECSIT appears to be a novel HBx-interacting signal molecule and their interaction is mechanistically important in IL-1β induction of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling-ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo-yan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-song Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin-jian Lin
- Department of Medicine and UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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13
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Ding D, Chen XW, Kang LH, Jiang HS, Kang CJ. Role of evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways ( ECSIT) in the antibacterial immunity of Marsupenaeus japonicus. Dev Comp Immunol 2014; 46:246-254. [PMID: 24796866 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Toll/Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway has an important role in the innate immunity of animals. Evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT) is a protein that functions as an adaptor protein for the Toll/TLR and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways. ECSIT is also a key component in the macrophage bactericidal activity of mammals. However, the function of ECSIT in crustaceans remains unclear. In this study, we cloned and identified a functional ECSIT homologue, MjECSIT 1, from kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. The complementary DNA of MjEcsit 1 is 1442 base pairs long, with an open reading frame of 1221 base pairs that encodes a 407-residue polypeptide. Transcripts of MjEcsit 1 are detected in hemocytes, gills, hepatopancreas, stomach, heart, intestines, testes, and ovaries. Such transcripts are upregulated by Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio anguillarum) injections. The knockdown of MjEcsit 1 by double-stranded RNA injection increases the sensitivity of M. japonicus to S. aureus challenge and weakens the bacterial clearance ability of M. japonicus in vivo. In addition, suppressing MjEcsit 1 restrains the upregulation of two anti-lipopolysaccharide factors by S. aureus injection. The results indicate that MjECSIT 1 is important in the antibacterial immunity of M. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Li-Hua Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Hai-Shan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Cui-Jie Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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