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Plakunova VV, Omelchenko MA, Kaleda VG, Migalina VV, Alfimova MV. [Willingness to expend effort for rewards in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: a relationship with the severity and stability of negative symptoms]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:109-115. [PMID: 38465818 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2024124021109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the deficit in willingness to expend effort and its association with negative symptoms in the high-risk for psychosis (CHR) group. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included young men: 45 patients, who met CHR criteria and were treated for a depressive episode, and 15 controls. All subjects completed a modified version of the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). The CHR group was assessed with the SOPS, SANS and HDRS at the beginning and at the end of treatment. EEfRT was performed only at the end of treatment. RESULTS The CHR group was significantly less likely to choose high effort tasks across reward probability and magnitude levels compared with the control group (all p<0.001). No significant correlations were found between the rate of selecting the high effort task and the negative syndrome domains of amotivation and diminished expression. The subgroups of CHR with stable and transient (i.e., with a reduction >50% during treatment) negative symptoms, which were identified by a cluster analysis, did not differ in the willingness to expend effort. CONCLUSION The study confirmed a decrease in the willingness to expend effort in the CHR group; however, this deficit was only weakly correlated with negative symptoms and persisted after the symptoms reduction during treatment, which requires future studies to investigate mechanisms underlying impaired effort expenditure for rewards in CHR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V G Kaleda
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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Slaney C, Perkins AM, Davis R, Penton-Voak I, Munafò MR, Houghton CJ, Robinson ESJ. Objective measures of reward sensitivity and motivation in people with high v. low anhedonia. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4324-4332. [PMID: 35545891 PMCID: PMC10388304 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia - a diminished interest or pleasure in activities - is a core self-reported symptom of depression which is poorly understood and often resistant to conventional antidepressants. This symptom may occur due to dysfunction in one or more sub-components of reward processing: motivation, consummatory experience and/or learning. However, the precise impairments remain elusive. Dissociating these components (ideally, using cross-species measures) and relating them to the subjective experience of anhedonia is critical as it may benefit fundamental biology research and novel drug development. METHODS Using a battery of behavioural tasks based on rodent assays, we examined reward motivation (Joystick-Operated Runway Task, JORT; and Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task, EEfRT) and reward sensitivity (Sweet Taste Test) in a non-clinical population who scored high (N = 32) or low (N = 34) on an anhedonia questionnaire (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale). RESULTS Compared to the low anhedonia group, the high anhedonia group displayed marginal impairments in effort-based decision-making (EEfRT) and reduced reward sensitivity (Sweet Taste Test). However, we found no evidence of a difference between groups in physical effort exerted for reward (JORT). Interestingly, whilst the EEfRT and Sweet Taste Test correlated with anhedonia measures, they did not correlate with each other. This poses the question of whether there are subgroups within anhedonia; however, further work is required to directly test this hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that anhedonia is a heterogeneous symptom associated with impairments in reward sensitivity and effort-based decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Slaney
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Adam M. Perkins
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robert Davis
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Ian Penton-Voak
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Conor J. Houghton
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Emma S. J. Robinson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Kaack I, Chae J, Shadli SM, Hillman K. Exploring approach motivation: Correlating self-report, frontal asymmetry, and performance in the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2020; 20:1234-47. [PMID: 32929696 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Frontal EEG asymmetry has been investigated as a physiological metric of approach motivation, with higher left frontal activity (LFA) suggested to reflect approach motivation. However, correlations between LFA and traditional metrics of approach motivation (e.g., scores from the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral approach system [BIS/BAS] survey) are inconsistent. It is also not clear how LFA correlates to approach motivation on an observable, behavioral level. Here, we tested correlations between BIS/BAS scores, LFA, and performance in the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). In our sample (n = 49), BIS/BAS results did not correlate to LFA values (resting or task states), and were also unrelated to EEfRT performance variables. We found evidence of significant and distinct correlations between LFA and EEfRT performance. Resting-state LFA positively correlated to effort expenditure on lower utility trials, where reward size and/or probability were suboptimal. Task-onset LFA captured in the first 5 min of the task was related to overall behavioral performance in the EEfRT. High task-onset LFA correlated to high trial completion rates, high-effort trial selection percentages, and overall monetary earnings. One interpretation of these initial findings is that resting-state LFA reflects approach tendencies to expend effort, but that this extends to suboptimal situations, whereas task-state LFA better reflects effortful approach toward high-utility goals. Given the relatively small sample size and the risk of Type I/II errors, we present the study as exploratory and the results as preliminary. However, the findings highlight interesting initial links between LFA and EEfRT performance. The need for larger replication studies is discussed.
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Ohmann HA, Kuper N, Wacker J. A low dosage of the dopamine D2-receptor antagonist sulpiride affects effort allocation for reward regardless of trait extraversion. Personal Neurosci 2020; 3:e7. [PMID: 32656492 PMCID: PMC7327436 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2020.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is known to be involved in various aspects of reward processing and goal-directed behavior. The present preregistered study aims at directly accessing the causal influence of DA activity on reward motivation in humans, while also accounting for trait extraversion. Therefore, we examined the effect of a single dose of the DA D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (200 mg) on effort allocation in a modified version of the Effort-Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT). Based on its presumably DA increasing action, we expected the low dose of sulpiride to increase participants' willingness to allocate effort during the modified EEfRT relative to placebo, especially in trials with low probability of reward attainment. Further, we expected a moderating effect of trait extraversion on the effects of sulpiride. Two hundred and three healthy male participants were tested in a randomized, double-blind between-subjects design. Contrary to our expectations, sulpiride reduced the average number of clicks within the modified EEfRT and did not interact with reward attributes, suggesting a more global and not reward-specific effect of sulpiride. Furthermore, trait extraversion did not moderate the effect of sulpiride. Our results provide initial support for the validity of the modified version of the EEfRT, suggesting a possible inhibiting effect of a low dose of sulpiride on approach motivation regardless of trait extraversion. However, given the mixed pattern of findings and the possible confounding role of motoric abilities, further studies examining these effects are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Andreas Ohmann
- Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niclas Kuper
- Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Wacker
- Faculty of Psychology and Human Movement Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Giustiniani J, Nicolier M, Teti Mayer J, Chabin T, Masse C, Galmès N, Pazart L, Trojak B, Bennabi D, Vandel P, Haffen E, Gabriel D. Behavioral and Neural Arguments of Motivational Influence on Decision Making During Uncertainty. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:583. [PMID: 32581698 PMCID: PMC7290000 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific world is increasingly interested in motivation, primarily due to the suspected impact on decision-making abilities, particularly in uncertain conditions. To explore this plausible relationship, 28 healthy participants were included in the study and performed decision-making and motivational tasks while their neural activity was recorded. All participants performed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and were split into two groups based on their score, one favorable group with 14 participants who performed advantageously and one undecided group with 14 participants who failed to develop the correct strategy on the IGT. In addition, all participants performed the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT), which defines the motivational level of each participant by the effort that participants agree to do in function of reward magnitudes and probabilities to receive these reward (10, 50, and 90%). The completion of both tasks allowed for the exploration of the relationship between the motivational level and decision-making abilities. The EEfRT was adapted to electroencephalography (EEG) recordings to explore how motivation could influence reward experience. Behavioral results showed no difference in EEfRT performances on the whole task between the two groups’ performances on the IGT. However, there was a negative correlation between the difficulty to develop an optimal strategy on the IGT and the percentage of difficult choices at the 90% condition on the EEfRT. Each probability condition has been previously associated to different motivational and emotional states, with the 90% condition associated to the reward sensitivity. This behavioral result leads to the hypothesis that reward sensitivity may induce an inability to develop an optimal strategy on the IGT. Group analysis demonstrated that only the undecided group showed a P300 during the processing of the outcome, whereas the favorable group showed a blunted P300. Similarly, there was a negative correlation between the P300 amplitude and the ability to develop an optimal strategy on the IGT. In conclusion, behavioral and neuronal data provides evidence that the propensity to focus only on the immediate outcomes is related to the development of an inefficient strategy on the IGT, without influence of motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Giustiniani
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Magali Nicolier
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,Neuroimaging and neurostimulation department Neuraxess, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Juliana Teti Mayer
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Thibault Chabin
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Caroline Masse
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nathan Galmès
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Lionel Pazart
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Benoit Trojak
- Fondation FondaMental, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France.,EA 4452, LPPM, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Djamila Bennabi
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,Neuroimaging and neurostimulation department Neuraxess, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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6
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Giustiniani J, Nicolier M, Teti Mayer J, Chabin T, Masse C, Galmès N, Pazart L, Trojak B, Bennabi D, Vandel P, Haffen E, Gabriel D. Event-Related Potentials (ERP) Indices of Motivation during the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E283. [PMID: 32397250 PMCID: PMC7287692 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic and temporal facets of the various constructs that comprise motivation remain to be explored. Here, we adapted the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task, a well-known laboratory task used to evaluate motivation, to study the event-related potentials associated with reward processing. The Stimulus Preceding Negativity (SPN) and the P300 were utilized as motivation indicators with high density electroencephalography. The SPN was found to be more negative for difficult choices compared to easy choices, suggesting a greater level of motivation, at a neurophysiological level. The insula, a structure previously associated with both effort discounting and prediction error, was concomitantly activated during the generation of the SPN. Processing a gain significantly altered the amplitude of the P300 compared to an absence of gain, particularly on centroparietal electrodes. One of the generators of the P300 was located on the vmPFC, a cerebral structure involved in the choice between two positive results and their predictions, during loss processing. Both the SPN and the P300 appear to be reliable neural markers of motivation. We postulate that the SPN represents the strength of the motivational level, while the P300 represents the impact of motivation on updating memories of the feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Giustiniani
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Magali Nicolier
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
- Neuroimaging and neurostimulation department Neuraxess, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Juliana Teti Mayer
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Thibault Chabin
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Caroline Masse
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Nathan Galmès
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Lionel Pazart
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Benoit Trojak
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21079 Dijon, France;
- EA 4452, LPPM, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Djamila Bennabi
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- FondaMental Foundation, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
- FondaMental Foundation, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
- Neuroimaging and neurostimulation department Neuraxess, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Research Domain Criteria initiative was launched by the US National Institute of Mental Health to establish a multi-level framework for understanding psychological constructs relevant to human psychiatric disorders, and identified 'effort valuation/willingness to work' as a clinically useful construct worthy of further study. This construct encompasses the processes by which the cost(s) of obtaining an outcome are calculated, and the tendency to overcome response costs to obtain a reinforcer. The current study aims to examine effort valuation as a correlate of psychopathology in children and adults, and the moderating effects of sex on this relationship. METHODS Participants were 1215 children aged 6-12 and their parents (n = 1044). All participants completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task as a measure of effort expenditure. Child psychopathology was measured via the Child Behavior Checklist, while adult psychopathology was measured via the Adult Self Report. Additionally, the Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents and Injury Behavior Checklist were used to examine child social impairments/problem behaviors. RESULTS In children, significant interactions between reward sensitivity and sex were observed in association with anxiety and thought problems, specifically at low reward sensitivity levels. In adults, main effects of effort expenditure were seen in drug and alcohol abuse, where higher effort was associated with higher degrees of abuse. CONCLUSIONS These results establish effort valuation as a relevant psychological construct for understanding psychopathology, but with different profiles of associated psychopathology across sex in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Avery B Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Van Orman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Forken
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Steven D Blatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Wanda P Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Damme KSF, Kelley NJ, Quinn ME, Glazer JE, Chat IKY, Young KS, Nusslock R, Zinbarg R, Bookheimer S, Craske MG. Emotional content impacts how executive function ability relates to willingness to wait and to work for reward. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2019; 19:637-652. [PMID: 30937705 PMCID: PMC6599486 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that better value-based decision making (e.g., waiting or working for rewards) relates to greater executive function (EF) ability. However, EF is not a static ability, but is influenced by the emotional content of the task. As such, EF ability in emotional contexts may have unique associations with value-based decision making, in which costs and benefits are explicit. Participants (N = 229) completed an EF task (with both negative and neutral task conditions) and two value-based decision-making tasks. Willingness to wait and to work were evaluated in separate path models relating the waiting and working conditions to the EF conditions. Willingness to wait and willingness to work showed distinct relationships with EF ability: Greater EF ability on a negative, but not on a neutral, EF task was related to a willingness to wait for a reward, whereas greater EF ability across both EF tasks was related to a greater willingness to work for a reward. EF ability on a negative EF task showed an inverted-U relationship to willingness to wait for reward, and was most related to willingness to wait at a 6-month delay. Greater EF, regardless of whether the task was negative or neutral, was related to a greater willingness to work when reward was uncertain (50%) or was likely (88%), but not when reward was unlikely (12%). This study suggests that the emotional content of value-based decisions impacts the relationship between EF ability and willingness to wait or to work for reward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meghan E Quinn
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Iris Ka-Yi Chat
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine S Young
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- King's College, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Zinbarg
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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9
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DeRosse P, Barber AD, Fales CL, Malhotra AK. Deconstructing Avolition: Initiation vs persistence of reward-directed effort. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:647-652. [PMID: 31207847 PMCID: PMC7864548 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Avolition, a decrease in the initiation and persistence of goal-directed behavior, is a critical determinant of disability in patients with schizophrenia. Recent studies have demonstrated that avolition can be modeled using reward-based, behavioral paradigms. These studies suggest that avolition represents a motivational deficit, accounted for by a diminished ability to anticipate pleasurable experiences. Notably, although data suggest that "initiation" and "persistence" of goal-directed behavior may depend on different processes, few studies have sought to distinguish between these two components of avolitional symptoms. Such distinctions could have real consequences for the development and evaluation of interventions designed to ameliorate avolitional symptoms. Thus, the present study examined the relationship between anticipatory pleasure, a key driver of avolition, and both the initiation and persistence of reward-directed, effortful responding during the Effort Expenditures for Rewards Task in 103 healthy participants. We found that anticipatory pleasure was not significantly predictive of the initiation of effortful responding but was significantly predictive of the persistence of effortful responding; most notably when the probabilities of reward and non-reward were equivalent. These data suggest that although deficits in reward processes contribute to the likelihood of persisting in reward-driven behavior, they contribute little to the initiation of such behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela DeRosse
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, NY, USA; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
| | - Anita D Barber
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, NY, USA; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Christina L Fales
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, NY, USA; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
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10
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Ohmann HA, Kuper N, Wacker J. Left frontal anodal tDCS increases approach motivation depending on reward attributes. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:417-423. [PMID: 30193845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature indicates a correlation between asymmetrical activity of frontal brain sites and approach vs. withdrawal motivation. Yet the causal status of this relationship is presently unclear. Here we examined the effect of anodal tDCS applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) on approach motivation, operationalized as effort allocation during the Effort-Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT). HYPOTHESIS We expected left frontal anodal transcranial direct current simulation (tDCS) to increase participants' willingness to allocate more effort during the EEfRT. Based on previous research, we expected this effect to be strongest on trials with low probability of reward attainment. METHODS 60 right-handed neurologically and psychologically healthy participants (63% female) aged 18-35 were tested in a counterbalanced within-subject design. Participants were invited to our lab twice to complete two 15-min blocks of the EEfRT on each study day, randomly assigned to either an anodal tDCS or a SHAM condition. RESULTS No main effect of stimulation condition was found, however the interactions of stimulation condition and both probability of reward attainment and reward magnitude reached significance. These interactions indicated that left frontal anodal tDCS specifically increased the percentage of hard task choices (HTC) in trials with low probability of reward attainment and in trials with high reward magnitude. DISCUSSION The observation of an increasing effect of left frontal anodal tDCS on effort expenditure for reward as indicated by HTC supports the idea of a causal relationship between asymmetric activity of frontal brain sites and approach motivation and hints at moderating effects of task-features on the effects of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niclas Kuper
- Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Wacker
- Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Abstract
A hallmark of negative symptoms in schizophrenia is reduced motivation and goal directed behavior. While preclinical models suggest that blunted striatal dopamine levels can produce such reductions, this mechanism is inconsistent with evidence for enhanced striatal dopamine levels in schizophrenia. In seeking to reconcile this discrepancy, one possibility is that negative symptoms reflect a failure of striatal motivational systems to mobilize appropriately in response to reward-related information. In the present study, we used a laboratory effort-based decision-making task in a sample of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls to examine allocation of effort in exchange for varying levels of monetary reward. We found that patients and controls did not differ in the overall amount of effort expenditure, but patients made significantly less optimal choices in terms of maximizing rewards. These results provide further evidence for a selective deficit in the ability of schizophrenia patients to utilize environmental cues to guide reward-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Treadway
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Joel S Peterman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - David H Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
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12
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Hughes DM, Yates MJ, Morton EE, Smillie LD. Asymmetric frontal cortical activity predicts effort expenditure for reward. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:1015-9. [PMID: 25479792 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive literature shows that greater left, relative to right, frontal cortical activity (LFA) is involved in approach-motivated affective states and reflects stable individual differences in approach motivation. However, relatively few studies have linked LFA to behavioral indices of approach motivation. In this study, we examine the relation between LFA and effort expenditure for reward, a behavioral index of approach motivation. LFA was calculated for 51 right-handed participants (55% female) using power spectral analysis of electroencephalogram recorded at rest. Participants also completed the effort expenditure for rewards task (EEfRT), which presents a series of trials requiring a choice between a low-reward low-effort task and a high-reward high-effort task. We found that individuals with greater resting LFA were more willing to expend greater effort in the pursuit of larger rewards, particularly when reward delivery was less likely. Our findings offer a more nuanced understanding of the motivational significance of LFA, in terms of processes that mitigate the effort- and uncertainty-related costs of pursuing rewarding goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hughes
- Department of Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010 and Department of Psychology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia, 3122
| | - Mark J Yates
- Department of Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010 and Department of Psychology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia, 3122
| | - Emma E Morton
- Department of Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010 and Department of Psychology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia, 3122
| | - Luke D Smillie
- Department of Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010 and Department of Psychology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia, 3122
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