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Grusha YO, Kochetkov PA, Sviridenko NY, Kolodina AS, Dzamikhov IK. [Bony orbital decompression in thyroid eye disease]. Vestn Oftalmol 2024; 140:103-108. [PMID: 38450474 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2024140011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This article summarizes the results of research on the morphological and functional features of different types of orbital bone decompression in thyroid eye disease (TED) and presents an analysis of surgical anatomy of the lateral orbital wall in the context of performing deep lateral bone decompression of the orbit was carried out. The study includes an analysis of the results of orbital bone decompression with resection of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone using ultrasound osteodestructor in comparison with osteodestruction using a high-speed drill, description of transethmoidal orbital decompression with endonasal access both as a single method of surgical treatment of TED and in combination with lateral bone decompression of the orbit, including the advantages and disadvantages of the method, and presents a morphological description of the pathological changes in the medial orbital wall bone fragments obtained during endonasal transethmoidal orbital decompression in patients with TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y O Grusha
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - P A Kochetkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - N Yu Sviridenko
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Kolodina
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - I K Dzamikhov
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Gupta R, Hirani H, Shankar R. Sustainable solid waste management system using technology-enabled end-of-pipe strategies. J Environ Manage 2023; 347:119122. [PMID: 37793298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ever Increasing accumulation of solid waste, attributed to population growth and rapid urbanization, is a serious issue for all nations. This creates hindrance in implementing sustainable solid waste management systems (SWMS), which contribute to socio-economic-environmental-operational (SEEO) benefits for the nations and their citizens. Limited understanding of various solid waste management (SWM) practices, their operational sequence, and other system constraints pose numerous challenges for the concerned authorities and policymakers. This paper provides a framework depicting three broad categories of strategies for managing solid waste: preventive, end-of-pipe (EOP), and environmental restoration. Among these, the research emphasizes on EOP strategies, being suitable alternative as per current requirements, to deal with massive amounts of generated waste. It further adopts Grey-DEMATEL approach to models the causal relationship among EOP strategies to identify the most influential strategy, which influences other ones. The model suggests waste segregation to be the major enabler for other EOP strategies, as it has maximum overall significance value (R + C) between 1.18 and 1.41 and it is the only one with positive value in "net-effect" computation (R-C), compared to other strategies with negative (R-C) values. This would enable concerned authorities to understand and follow the sequence of actions. Finally, a comprehensive framework is proposed for effective, efficient, and sustainable methods of handling different types of solid waste using technology-enabled EOP strategies. A case study is performed to demonstrate the significance of waste segregation towards SEEO benefits. It indicates that technology-based solutions at decentralized depots and establishment of biogas plant in the vicinity of garbage collection point leads to reduction in transportation cost and energy saving in efficient manner. The ground level implementation of our research in an Indian city resulted in the reduction of daily vehicle requirement from 25 to 20 vehicles, leading to approx. 25% savings in overall transportation costs thereby cutting exchequer's bill by up to $ 2820/month. It also reveals that mechanized and decentralized solutions were not effective for inert waste, its disposal to landfill was more suited alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachita Gupta
- Operations Management and Decision Sciences, Indian Institute of Management Kashipur, 244713, India.
| | - Harish Hirani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India.
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Li Q, Ye Z, Liu M, Liu W, Zhang P, Sun X, Zhang H, Li Z, Gui L. Precision enhanced alignment bonding technique with sacrificial strategy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1105154. [PMID: 36873376 PMCID: PMC9978516 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work proposes an "N2-1" sacrificial strategy to help to improve the accuracy of the bonding technique from the existing level. The target micropattern is copied N2 times, and (N2-1) of them are sacrificed to obtain the most accurate alignment. Meanwhile, a method for manufacturing auxiliary solid alignment lines on transparent materials is proposed to visualize auxiliary marks and facilitate the alignment. Though the principle and procedure of alignment are straightforward, the alignment accuracy substantially improved compared to the original method. With this technique, we have successfully fabricated a high-precision 3D electroosmotic micropump just using a conventional desktop aligner. Because of the high precision during the alignment, the flow velocity is up to 435.62 μm/s at a driven voltage of 40 V, which far exceeds the previous similar reports. Thus, we believe that it has great potential for high precision microfluidic device fabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Energy Storage and Novel Technology of Electrical Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Skusa R, Groß J, Kohlen J, Schafmayer C, Ekat K, Podbielski A, Warnke P. Proof-of-Concept Standardized Approach Using a Single-Disk Method Analogous to Antibiotic Disk Diffusion Assays for Routine Phage Susceptibility Testing in Diagnostic Laboratories. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0030922. [PMID: 36416554 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00309-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of bacteriophages is increasingly being implemented in clinical therapies. Prior susceptibility testing should be regarded as mandatory, but standards are lacking. The objective of this research was to develop a highly standardized methodology to facilitate phage susceptibility testing (PST) in clinical microbiology routine laboratories. Therefore, EUCAST methods established for single disk-based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) were adapted. In a first step, basic parameters were evaluated using well-studied Escherichia phage T4-Escherichia coli combinations. In addition, test results were compared to those from conventional spot test and efficiency of plating (EOP) approaches. In a second step, the applicability of the methodology and the most promising test parameters were demonstrated for five other frequently isolated clinical bacterial species and their corresponding phages. At present, the method predominantly leads to qualitative rather than quantitative results. This disk-based approach provides a standardized, easy-to-handle, reproducible and reliable PST protocol by relying on well-established routine procedures in diagnostic laboratories. IMPORTANCE Application of bacteriophages in clinical therapies is attractive due to increasing rates of isolation of multidrug-resistant bacteria worldwide. As the phage effect is highly specific, prior susceptibility testing of target bacteria is mandatory. Of note, established standards are lacking. In this research, we adapted the single-disk method for antibiotic susceptibility testing to phage susceptibility testing (PST) in order to provide a standardized, easy-to-handle, reproducible, and reliable PST protocol for application in diagnostic routine laboratories.
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Farooqi S, Yousuf RI, Shoaib MH, Ahmed K, Ansar S, Husain T. Quality by Design (QbD)-Based Numerical and Graphical Optimization Technique for the Development of Osmotic Pump Controlled-Release Metoclopramide HCl Tablets. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5217-5234. [PMID: 33273807 PMCID: PMC7705261 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s278918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop the osmotically controlled-release gastroprokinetic metoclopramide HCl tablets, using quality by design (QbD)-numerical and graphical optimization technique for the treatment of gastroparesis and prophylaxis of delayed nausea and vomiting induced by low-high emetogenic chemotherapy. METHODS Formulations were designed by central composite design using Design Expert version 11.0.0, with osmogen concentration (X1), orifice size (X2), and tablet weight gain after coating (X3) as input and in-vitro drug release at 1hr. (Y1), 6 hrs. (Y2), and 12 hrs. (Y3), and the regression coefficient of drug release data fitted to zero-order, RSQ zero (Y4) as output variables. Core tablets prepared by direct compression were coated with Opadry® CA. The experimental design was validated by the polynomial equation. A correlation between predicted and observed values was evaluated by random checkpoint analysis. The optimized formulations were characterized for drug release, pH effect, osmolarity, agitation intensity, surface morphology, and stability study, and were subjected to accelerated studies according to ICH guidelines. RESULTS The interaction charts and response surface plots deduced a significant simultaneous effect of X variables on in vitro drug release and RSQ zero. The numerical optimization model predicted >90% drug release with X1 (13.30%), X2 (0.6 mm), and X3 (7.96%). Random checkpoint analysis showed a good correlation between predicted and observed values. The optimized formulation followed zero-order kinetics (r2=0.9703) drug release. Shelf life calculated was 2.8 years as per ICH guidelines. CONCLUSION The QbD-based approach was found successful in developing controlled release osmotic tablets of metoclopramide HCl, for reducing the dosage frequency, better emetic control, and improve patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Farooqi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Ismail Yousuf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Harris Shoaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tazeen Husain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan
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Modiri S, Belda S, Hoseini M, Heinkelmann R, Ferrándiz JM, Schuh H. A new hybrid method to improve the ultra-short-term prediction of LOD. J Geod 2020; 94:23. [PMID: 32109976 PMCID: PMC7004433 DOI: 10.1007/s00190-020-01354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate, short-term predictions of Earth orientation parameters (EOP) are needed for many real-time applications including precise tracking and navigation of interplanetary spacecraft, climate forecasting, and disaster prevention. Out of the EOP, the LOD (length of day), which represents the changes in the Earth's rotation rate, is the most challenging to predict since it is largely affected by the torques associated with changes in atmospheric circulation. In this study, the combination of Copula-based analysis and singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method is introduced to improve the accuracy of the forecasted LOD. The procedure operates as follows: First, we derive the dependence structure between LOD and the Z component of the effective angular momentum (EAM) arising from atmospheric, hydrologic, and oceanic origins (AAM + HAM + OAM). Based on the fitted theoretical Copula, we then simulate LOD from the Z component of EAM data. Next, the difference between LOD time series and its Copula-based estimation is modeled using SSA. Multiple sets of short-term LOD prediction have been done based on the IERS 05 C04 time series to assess the capability of our hybrid model. The results illustrate that the proposed method can efficiently predict LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Modiri
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Santiago Belda
- Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) - Laboratory of Earth Observation (LEO), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- UAVAC, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mostafa Hoseini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Harald Schuh
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cheng K, Frenken T, Brussaard CPD, Van de Waal DB. Cyanophage Propagation in the Freshwater Cyanobacterium Phormidium Is Constrained by Phosphorus Limitation and Enhanced by Elevated pCO 2. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:617. [PMID: 30984143 PMCID: PMC6449453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensification of human activities has led to changes in the availabilities of CO2 and nutrients in freshwater ecosystems, which may greatly alter the physiological status of phytoplankton. Viruses require hosts for their reproduction and shifts in phytoplankton host physiology through global environmental change may thus affect viral infections as well. Various studies have investigated the impacts of single environmental factors on phytoplankton virus propagation, yet little is known about the impacts of multiple factors, particularly in freshwater systems. We therefore tested the combined effects of phosphorus limitation and elevated pCO2 on the propagation of a cyanophage infecting a freshwater cyanobacterium. To this end, we cultured Phormidium in P-limited chemostats under ambient (400 μatm) and elevated (800 μatm) pCO2 at growth rates of 0.6, 0.3, and 0.05 d-1. Host C:P ratios generally increased with strengthened P-limitation and with elevated pCO2. Upon host steady state conditions, virus growth characteristics were obtained in separate infection assays where hosts were infected by the double-stranded DNA cyanophage PP. Severe P-limitation (host growth 0.05 d-1) led to a 85% decrease in cyanophage production rate and a 73% decrease in burst size compared to the 0.6 d-1 grown P-limited cultures. Elevated pCO2 induced a 96% increase in cyanophage production rate and a 57% increase in burst size, as well as an 85% shorter latent period as compared to ambient pCO2 at the different host growth rates. In addition, elevated pCO2 caused a decrease in the plaquing efficiency and an increase in the abortion percentage for the 0.05 d-1 P-limited treatment, while the plaquing efficiency increased for the 0.6 d-1 P-limited cultures. Together, our results demonstrate interactive effects of elevated pCO2 and P-limitation on cyanophage propagation, and show that viral propagation is generally constrained by P-limitation but enhanced with elevated pCO2. Our findings indicate that global change will likely have a severe impact on virus growth characteristics and thereby on the control of cyanobacterial hosts in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for River-Lakes and Algal Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thijs Frenken
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Corina P D Brussaard
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and University of Utrecht, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Modiri S, Belda S, Heinkelmann R, Hoseini M, Ferrándiz JM, Schuh H. Polar motion prediction using the combination of SSA and Copula-based analysis. Earth Planets Space 2018; 70:115. [PMID: 30996648 PMCID: PMC6434970 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-018-0888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The real-time estimation of polar motion (PM) is needed for the navigation of Earth satellite and interplanetary spacecraft. However, it is impossible to have real-time information due to the complexity of the measurement model and data processing. Various prediction methods have been developed. However, the accuracy of PM prediction is still not satisfactory even for a few days in the future. Therefore, new techniques or a combination of the existing methods need to be investigated for improving the accuracy of the predicted PM. There is a well-introduced method called Copula, and we want to combine it with singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method for PM prediction. In this study, first, we model the predominant trend of PM time series using SSA. Then, the difference between PM time series and its SSA estimation is modeled using Copula-based analysis. Multiple sets of PM predictions which range between 1 and 365 days have been performed based on an IERS 08 C04 time series to assess the capability of our hybrid model. Our results illustrate that the proposed method can efficiently predict PM. The improvement in PM prediction accuracy up to 365 days in the future is found to be around 40% on average and up to 65 and 46% in terms of success rate for the PM x and PM y , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Modiri
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Santiago Belda
- EPS, Applied Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, Campus de San Vicente, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Mostafa Hoseini
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - José M. Ferrándiz
- EPS, Applied Mathematics Department, University of Alicante, Campus de San Vicente, Alicante, Spain
| | - Harald Schuh
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cheng K, Van de Waal DB, Niu XY, Zhao YJ. Combined Effects of Elevated pCO 2 and Warming Facilitate Cyanophage Infections. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1096. [PMID: 28659906 PMCID: PMC5468398 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated pCO2 and warming are generally expected to influence cyanobacterial growth, and may promote the formation of blooms. Yet, both climate change factors may also influence cyanobacterial mortality by favoring pathogens, such as viruses, which will depend on the ability of the host to adapt. To test this hypothesis, we grew Plectonema boryanum IU597 under two temperature (25 and 29°C) and two pCO2 (400 and 800 μatm) conditions for 1 year, after which all treatments were re-exposed to control conditions for a period of 3 weeks. At several time points during the 1 year period, and upon re-exposure, we measured various infection characteristics of it associated cyanophage PP, including the burst size, latent period, lytic cycle and the efficiency of plaquing (EOP). As expected, elevated pCO2 promoted growth of P. boryanum equally over the 1 year period, but warming did not. Burst size increased in the warm treatment, but decreased in both the elevated pCO2 and combined treatment. The latent period and lytic cycle both became shorter in the elevated pCO2 and higher temperature treatment, and were further reduced by the combined effect of both factors. Efficiency of plaquing (EOP) decreased in the elevated pCO2 treatment, increased in the warm treatment, and increased even stronger in the combined treatment. These findings indicate that elevated pCO2 enhanced the effect of warming, thereby further promoting the virus infection rate. The re-exposure experiments demonstrate adaptation of the host leading to higher biomass build-up with elevated pCO2 over the experimental period, and lower performance upon re-exposure to control conditions. Similarly, virus burst size and EOP increased when given warm adapted host, but were lower as compared to the control when the host was re-exposed to control conditions. Our results demonstrate that adaptation but particularly physiological acclimation to climate change conditions favored viral infections, while limited host plasticity and slow adaptation after re-exposure to control conditions impeded host biomass build-up and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for River-Lakes and Algal Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of TechnologyWuhan, China
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiao Ying Niu
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yi Jun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for River-Lakes and Algal Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University of TechnologyWuhan, China
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10
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Zuo L, Motherwell MS. The impact of reactive oxygen species and genetic mitochondrial mutations in Parkinson's disease. Gene 2013; 532:18-23. [PMID: 23954870 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The exact pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still unknown and proper mechanisms that correspond to the disease remain unidentified. It is understood that PD is age-related; as age increases, the chance of onset responds accordingly. Although there are no current means of curing PD, the understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS) provides significant insight to possible treatments. Complex I deficiencies of the respiratory chain account for the majority of unfavorable neural apoptosis generation in PD. Dopaminergic neurons are severely damaged as a result of the deficiency. Symptoms such as inhibited cognitive ability and loss of smooth motor function are the results of such impairment. The genetic mutations of Parkinson's related proteins such as PINK1 and LRRK2 contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction which precedes ROS formation. Various pathways are inhibited by these mutations, and inevitably causing neural cell damage. Antioxidants are known to negate the damaging effects of free radical overexpression. This paper expands on the specific impact of mitochondrial genetic change and production of free radicals as well as its correlation to the neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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