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Pham TT, Hong EM, Moy WJ, Zhao J, Hu AC, Barnes CH, Borden PA, Sivoraphonh R, Krasieva TB, Lee LH, Heidari AE, Kim EH, Nam SH, Jia W, Mo JH, Kim S, Hill MG, Wong BJF. The biophysical effects of localized electrochemical therapy on porcine skin. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 97:179-186. [PMID: 32169274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally-invasive methods to treat scars address a common pathway of altering collagen structure, leading to collagen remodeling. OBJECTIVE In this study, we employed in situ redox chemistry to create focal pH gradients in skin, altering dermal collagen, in a process we refer to as electrochemical therapy (ECT). The effects of ECT to induce biochemical and structural changes in ex vivo porcine skin were examined. METHODS During ECT, two platinum electrodes were inserted into fresh porcine skin, and following saline injection, an electrical potential was applied. pH mapping, high frequency ultrasonography, and two photon excitation microscopy and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy were used to evaluate treatment effects. Findings were correlated with histology. RESULTS Following ECT, pH mapping depicted acid and base production at anode and cathode sites respectively, with increasing voltage and application time. Gas formation during ECT was observed with ultrasonography. Anode sites showed significant loss of SHG signal, while cathode sites showed disorganized collagen structure with fewer fibrils emitting an attainable signal. Histologically, collagen denaturation at both sites was confirmed. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the production of in situ acid and base in skin occurring via ECT. The effects chemically and precisely alter collagen structure through denaturation, giving insight on the potential of ECT as a simple, low-cost, and minimally-invasive means to remodel skin and treat scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T Pham
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Ellen M Hong
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wesley J Moy
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Allison C Hu
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christian H Barnes
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California - Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Pamela A Borden
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Sivoraphonh
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana B Krasieva
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lauren H Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrew E Heidari
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Beckman Laser Institute-Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Nam
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wangcun Jia
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Beckman Laser Institute-Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Kim
- Beckman Laser Institute-Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael G Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian J F Wong
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California - Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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