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Navruz FZ, Acar Ü, Yılmaz S, Kesbiç OS. Dose-dependent stress response of esfenvalerate insecticide on common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Evaluating blood parameters and gene expression. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 272:109711. [PMID: 37532111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Esfenvalerate is a pyrethroid insecticide used primarily in the agriculture sector for insect management. Esfenvalerate is effective against a wide range of harmful insects, including flies, cockroaches, locusts, and many other types of bugs. It is also known that esfenvalerate has toxic effects on aquatic organisms and poses significant environmental concerns. In this study, the aim is to subchronically examine the effects of sublethal concentrations of esfenvalerate insecticide on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by assessing changes in blood parameters and resulting gene expression. For this purpose, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were divided into 5 groups and exposed to 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 μg/L concentrations of esfenvalerate for a period of 14 days. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected from the fish that underwent weight and length measurements. The effects on gene expression levels of immune, antioxidant, and stress-related genes in the liver tissue, including SOD, GST, Cortisol receptor, HSP70, H+-ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase, Catalase, and GpX, were evaluated, as were the hematological and serum biochemical parameters. Significant decreases were observed in the levels of hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocytes, triglycerides and total protein and catalase, H+-ATPase, and GpX gene expression. Glucose, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), SOD, Cortisol receptor, Na+/K+-ATPase gene expression levels increased. As a result, it has been revealed that esfenvalerate insecticide causes oxidative stress in carp at all dose ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Zemheri Navruz
- Bartın University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bartın, Turkiye.
| | - Ümit Acar
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Bayramiç Vocational School, Department of Forestry, Çanakkale, Turkiye; Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Department of Fisheries Industry Engineering, Çanakkale, Turkiye
| | - Sevdan Yılmaz
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Marine Science and Technlogy Faculty, Department of Aquaculture, Çanakkale, Turkiye
| | - Osman Sabri Kesbiç
- Kastamonu University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Kastamonu, Turkiye
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Li J, Tang GM, Xiang SZ, Yang MY, Yang L. [A case of poisoning caused by intramuscular injection of esfenvalerate]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2023; 41:225-227. [PMID: 37006151 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20220303-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Esfenvalerate is a kind of commonly used highly effective pyrethroid insecticide. It is common for people who are poisoned by contact or misuse, but rarely reported for people who are poisoned by intramuscular injection. This paper reports a case of intramuscular injection of esfenvalerate in the Department of Infection, West China Hospital of Sichuan University in November 2021. The patient was intramuscularly injected with about 20 ml of esfenvalerate, inducing the sense of swelling and tingling, degeneration and necrosis of striated muscle tissue at the injection site, also liver function damage and other manifestations. The patient was discharged from hospital after rehydration, accelerating poison metabolism, anti-infection, liver protection and local puncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Infection, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - G M Tang
- Department of Infection, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - S Z Xiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - M Y Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Infection, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
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Varg JE, Kunce W, Outomuro D, Svanbäck R, Johansson F. Single and combined effects of microplastics, pyrethroid and food resources on the life-history traits and microbiome of Chironomus riparius. Environ Pollut 2021; 289:117848. [PMID: 34332169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence of widespread contamination of freshwater ecosystems with microplastics. However, the effects of chronic microplastic ingestion and its interaction with other pollutants and stress factors on the life-history traits and the host-microbiome of aquatic invertebrates are not well understood. This study investigates the effects of exposure to sediment spiked with 1 μm polystyrene-based latex microplastic spheres, an environmentally realistic concentration of a pyrethroid pesticide (esfenvalerate), and a combination of both treatments on the life-history traits of the benthic-dwelling invertebrate, Chironomus riparius and its microbial community. The chironomid larvae were also exposed to two food conditions: abundant or limited food in the sediment, monitored for 28 and 34 days respectively. The microplastics and esfenvalerate had negative effects on adult emergence and survival, and these effects differed between the food level treatments. The microbiome diversity was negatively affected by the exposure to microplastics, while the relative abundances of the four top phyla were significantly affected only in the high food level treatment. Although the combined exposure to microplastics and esfenvalerate showed some negative effects on survival and emergence, there was little evidence for synergistic effects when compared to the single exposure. The food level affected all life-history traits and the microbiota, and lower food levels intensified the negative effects of the exposure to microplastics, esfenvalerate and their combination. We argue that these pollutants can affect crucial life-history traits such as successful metamorphosis and the host-microbiome. Therefore, it should be taken into consideration for toxicological assessment of pollutant acceptability. Our study highlights the importance of investigating possible additive and synergic activities between stressors to understand the effects of pollutants in the life story traits and host-microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Edo Varg
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Section of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Warren Kunce
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Section of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Outomuro
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Section of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Rieveschl Hall, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Section of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Section of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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Shi Y, Jiang Q, Yang Y, Feyereisen R, Wu Y. Pyrethroid metabolism by eleven Helicoverpa armigera P450s from the CYP6B and CYP9A subfamilies. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 135:103597. [PMID: 34089822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran P450s of the CYP6B and CYP9A subfamilies are thought to play important roles in host plant adaptation and insecticide resistance. An increasing number of paralogs and orthologs with high levels of sequence identity have been found in these subfamilies by mining recent genome projects. However, the biochemical function of most of them remains unknown. A better understanding of the evolution of P450 genes and of the catalytic competence of the enzymes they encode is needed to facilitate studies of host plant use and insecticide resistance. Here, we focused on the full complement of CYP6B (4 genes) and CYP9A (7 genes) in the generalist herbivore, Helicoverpa armigera. These P450s were heterologously expressed in Sf9 cells and compared functionally. In vitro assays showed that all CYP6B and CYP9A P450s can metabolize esfenvalerate efficiently, except for the evolutionarily divergent CYP6B43. A new 2'-hydroxy-metabolite of esfenvalerate was identified and found to be the main metabolite produced by CYP9A12. All tested P450s showed only low induction responses to esfenvalerate. To put these results from H. armigera P450s in perspective, 158 complete CYP6B and 100 complete CYP9A genes from 34 ditrysian species were manually curated. The CYP9A subfamily was more widespread than the CYP6B subfamily and the latter showed dramatic gains and losses, with ten species lacking CYP6B genes. Two adjacent CYP6B loci were found on chromosome 21, with different fates during the evolution of Lepidoptera. The diversity and functional redundancy of CYP6B and CYP9A genes challenge resistance management and pest control strategies as many P450s are available to insects to cope with chemical stresses they encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Shi Y, O'Reilly AO, Sun S, Qu Q, Yang Y, Wu Y. Roles of the variable P450 substrate recognition sites SRS1 and SRS6 in esfenvalerate metabolism by CYP6AE subfamily enzymes in Helicoverpa armigera. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 127:103486. [PMID: 33069773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm P450s of the clustered CYP6AE subfamily share high sequence identities but differ dramatically in their capacity to metabolize xenobiotics, especially esfenvalerate. Among them, CYP6AE17 has the highest sequence identity with CYP6AE18 but shows ~7-fold higher metabolic efficiency. CYP6AE11 is most active towards esfenvalerate but CYP6AE20 is inactive even though the enzymes share 54.8% sequence identity. Sequence analysis revealed the SRS1 (Substrate Recognition Site) and SRS6 between CYP6AE17 and CYP6AE18, and SRS1 between CYP6AE11 and CYP6AE20 are the most variable among all six SRSs. In order to identify the key factors that underlie the observed catalytic difference, we exchanged these SRS sequences between two pairs of P450s and studied the activity of the resulting hybrid mutants or chimeras. In vitro metabolism showed that the CYP6AE17/18 chimeras had 2- and 14-fold decreased activities and the CYP6AE18/17 chimeras had 6- and 10-fold increased activities to esfenvalerate. Meanwhile, after exchanging SRS1 with each other, the CYP6AE11/20 chimera folded incorrectly but the CYP6AE20/11 chimera gained moderate activity to esfenvalerate. Molecular modelling showed that amino acids variants within SRS1 or SRS6 change the shape and chemical environment of the active sites, which may affect the ligand-binding interactions. These results indicate that the protein structure variation resulting from the sequence diversity of SRSs promotes the evolution of insect chemical defense and contributes to the development of insect resistance to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Andrias O O'Reilly
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Shuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qiong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity and College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Becker JM, Russo R, Shahid N, Liess M. Drivers of pesticide resistance in freshwater amphipods. Sci Total Environ 2020; 735:139264. [PMID: 32485446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic invertebrates exposed to pesticides may develop pesticide resistance. Based on a meta-analysis we revealed environmental factors driving the magnitude of resistance in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex in the field. We showed that (i) insecticide tolerance of G. pulex increased with pesticide contamination in agricultural streams generally by a factor of up to 4. Tolerance increased even at concentrations lower than what is considered safe in regulatory risk assessment (ii) The increase in insecticide tolerance was pronounced at high test concentrations; comparing the LC50 of populations therefore potentially underestimates the development of resistance. (iii) Insecticide resistance in agricultural streams diminished during the spraying season, suggesting that adverse effects of sublethal concentrations in the short term contrast long-term adaptation to insecticide exposure. (iv) We found that resistance was especially high in populations characterized not only by high pesticide exposure, but also by large distance (>3.3 km) from non-polluted stream sections and by low species diversity within the invertebrate community. We conclude that the test concentration, the timing of measurement, distance to refuge areas and species diversity mediate the observed response of aquatic communities to pesticide pollution and need to be considered for the sustainable management of agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias Martin Becker
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Renato Russo
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Naeem Shahid
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Liess
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Saillenfait AM, Sabaté JP, Denis F, Antoine G, Robert A, Eljarrat E. The pyrethroid insecticides permethrin and esfenvalerate do not disrupt testicular steroidogenesis in the rat fetus. Toxicology 2018; 410:116-24. [PMID: 30243954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of maternal exposure to the widely used pyrethroid insecticides, permethrin and esfenvalerate, on fetal testicular steroidogenesis. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered permethrin at doses of 1, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day, or esfenvalerate at 0.1, 1, 7.5 or 15 mg/kg/day, by gavage, from gestation day (GD) 13 to 19. Testicular testosterone production and the expression of several key genes necessary for cholesterol and androgen synthesis and transport were assessed in GD 19 male fetuses. Dams treated with 100 mg/kg/day of permethrin or 15 mg/kg/day of esfenvalerate showed clinical signs of neurotoxicity. The highest dose of esfenvalerate also resulted in reduced maternal body weight gain throughout the treatment period. In the fetal testes, mRNA expressions of HMG-CoA synthase and reductase, SR-B1, StAR, P450scc, 3βHSD, P450 17A1, and 17βHSD were not affected by exposure to either pyrethroid. No significant change was observed in ex vivo testosterone production. In conclusion, in utero exposure to permethrin or esfenvalerate has no effect on the testosterone biosynthesis pathway in the fetal rat testis up to maternal toxic doses.
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Shi Y, Wang H, Liu Z, Wu S, Yang Y, Feyereisen R, Heckel DG, Wu Y. Phylogenetic and functional characterization of ten P450 genes from the CYP6AE subfamily of Helicoverpa armigera involved in xenobiotic metabolism. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 93:79-91. [PMID: 29258871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a generalist herbivore widely distributed over the world and is a major lepidopteran pest on cotton. Studies, especially from Asia, show that it relies on cytochrome P450 monooxygenases with broad substrate specificities to protect itself from pesticides. The number of P450s may have expanded in the processes of coping with the wide diversity of phytochemicals that the insect encounters among its numerous host plants. In order to examine the metabolic capabilities of these P450s, we focused here on all ten P450s of the Helicoverpa armigera CYP6AE subfamily, which can be easily induced by plant toxins and pyrethroids. These P450s, along with cytochrome P450 reductase, were heterologously expressed in insect cells and compared functionally. In vitro metabolism showed that all CYP6AE subfamily members can convert esfenvalerate to 4'-hydroxyesfenvalerate efficiently except CYP6AE20. In contrast, none of the recombinant CYP6AE enzymes could metabolise gossypol under our experimental conditions. Epoxidation capabilities were observed in the CYP6AE subfamily, aldrin can be converted to dieldrin at rates up to 0.45 ± 0.04 pmol/min/pmol P450. Seven P450s in this subfamily can metabolise imidacloprid, but with lower efficiency than Bemisia tabaci CYP6CM1vQ. CYP6AE20 had virtually no metabolic competence to these four compounds but could metabolise several model fluorogenic substrates. These results showed the broad substrate spectrum of H. armigera CYP6AE P450s and suggest a limited role of gossypol upon the evolution of H. armigera CYP6AE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Huidong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shuwen Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej, Denmark.
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Tian K, Liu D, Yuan Y, Li M, Qiu X. CYP6B6 is involved in esfenvalerate detoxification in the polyphagous lepidopteran pest, Helicoverpa armigera. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 138:51-56. [PMID: 28456304 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a polyphagous pest that has a strong capacity to evolve resistance against various classes of insecticides. Cytochrome P450 enzymes have been suspected involved in pyrethroid metabolism and resistance in this pest. However, how many and which P450s are involved in pyrethroid metabolism is largely unknown. In this study, CYP6B6 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (HaCPR) from H. armigera were successfully co-expressed in Escherichia coli. Incubation of esfenvalerate with the recombinant CYP6B6-HaCPR monooxygenase complex revealed that CYP6B6 was able to transform esfenvalerate into 4'-hydroxy fenvalerate. Kcat and Km values for the formation of 4'-hydroxyfenvalerate by the E. coli-produced CYP6B6 were determined to be 1.65±0.11min-1 and 4.10±0.84μM respectively. Our results demonstrate that CYP6B6 has the ability to hydroxylate esfenvalerate, thus plays a role in fenvalerate detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Weltje L. No proof of synergy at environmentally realistic concentrations of prochloraz and esfenvalerate--a reaction on "synergy in microcosms with environmentally realistic concentrations of prochloraz and esfenvalerate" by Bjergager et al. (Aquat. Toxicol. 101 (2011), 412-422). Aquat Toxicol 2013; 140-141:466-468. [PMID: 23725768 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic microcosm study by Bjergager et al. (2011) on a mixture of the fungicide prochloraz and the insecticide esfenvalerate concluded that synergistic effects were found at environmentally realistic concentrations for these compounds and thus that current risk assessment procedures might underestimate the effects of synergistically interacting azoles and pyrethroids. Both prochloraz and esfenvalerate are registered in Europe and thus the relevance of the employed concentrations can be assessed against European surface water measurements and risk assessments procedures. A detailed comparison of the employed concentration of prochloraz in the microcosm study with the concentration deemed acceptable in the European Union and those actually measured in the aquatic environment demonstrate that the employed prochloraz concentration was about two orders of magnitude too high. Therefore, on basis of the data presented by Bjergager et al. (2011) it cannot be concluded that current European single substance risk assessment procedures are insufficiently protective and that synergism actually occurs at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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