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Granweiler J, Cristóbal-Azkarate J, Morton N, Palme R, Shultz S. The paradox of spring: Thyroid and glucocorticoid responses to cold temperatures and food availability in free living Carneddau ponies. Horm Behav 2024; 161:105526. [PMID: 38503098 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In seasonal environments, maintaining a constant body temperature poses challenges for endotherms. Cold winters at high latitudes, with limited food availability, create opposing demands on metabolism: upregulation preserves body temperature but depletes energy reserves. Examining endocrine profiles, such as thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) and glucocorticoids (GCs), proxies for changes in metabolic rate and acute stressors, offer insights into physiological trade-offs. We evaluated how environmental conditions and gestation impact on faecal hormone metabolites (fT3Ms and fGCMs) from late winter to spring in a free-living population of Carneddau ponies. Faecal T3Ms were highest in late February and March, when temperatures were lowest. Then, fT3Ms concentrations decreased throughout April and were at the lowest in May before increasing towards the end of the study. The decline in fT3M levels in April and May was associated with warmer weather but poor food availability, diet diversity and diet composition. On the other hand, fGCM levels did not display a clear temporal pattern but were associated with reproductive status, where pregnant and lactating females had higher fGCM levels as compared to adult males and non-reproductive females. The temporal profile of fT3Ms levels highlights metabolic trade-offs in a changing environment. In contrast, the ephemeral but synchronous increase in fGCM concentrations across the population suggest a shared experience of acute stressors (i.e., weather, disturbance or social). This multi-biomarker approach can evaluate the role of acute stressors versus energy budgets in the context of interventions, reproduction, seasonality and environmental change, or across multiple scales from individuals to populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Granweiler
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Jurgi Cristóbal-Azkarate
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain
| | - Nathan Morton
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Shultz
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Westerink F, Huibregtse I, De Hoog M, Bruin S, Meesters E, Brandjes D, Gerdes V. Faecal Inflammatory Biomarkers and Gastrointestinal Symptoms after Bariatric Surgery: A Longitudinal Study. Inflamm Intest Dis 2021; 6:109-116. [PMID: 34124182 DOI: 10.1159/000514576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bariatric surgery induces various gastrointestinal (GI) modifications. We performed the first study longitudinally assessing the effect of bariatric surgery on faecal inflammatory biomarker levels and its relation with GI complaints. Method Faecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, and calgranulin-C levels were determined in 41 patients (34 Roux-en-Y [RYGB], 7 sleeves) before and at 6-16 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Changes in biomarker levels and percentage of patients above reference value were determined. Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) was used to assess GI complaints at corresponding time points. The postoperative relation between GSRS score and biomarker levels above reference value was investigated. Results After RYGB, median calprotectin levels are significantly higher (>188, 104-415 μg/g) than before surgery (40, 19-78 μg/g; p < 0.001), and over 90% of patients have levels above reference value 1 year after surgery. Median lactoferrin was 0.4 (0.2-1.6) μg/g before, and >5.9 (1.8-13.6) μg/g after surgery (p < 0.001). Median calgranulin-C levels remained far below the reference value and were 0.13 (0.05-0.24) μg/g before and <0.23 (0.06-0.33) μg/g after surgery. Similar results were found after sleeve gastrectomy. No difference was seen in GSRS score for patients with calprotectin and lactoferrin levels above reference values. Conclusion Faecal inflammatory biomarkers calprotectin and lactoferrin, but not calgranulin-C, rise above reference values shortly after bariatric surgery and remain elevated in the majority of patients. The discrepancy between calprotectin and calgranulin-C levels suggests no GI inflammation. Furthermore, patients after RYGB with biomarkers above the population reference value do not seem to have more GI complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Westerink
- Department of internal medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Huibregtse
- Department of gastroenterology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sjoerd Bruin
- Department of surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Meesters
- Department of internal medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Desiderius Brandjes
- Department of internal medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Gerdes
- Department of internal medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of internal medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
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Widlak MM, Neal M, Daulton E, Thomas CL, Tomkins C, Singh B, Harmston C, Wicaksono A, Evans C, Smith S, Savage RS, Covington JA, Arasaradnam RP. Risk stratification of symptomatic patients suspected of colorectal cancer using faecal and urinary markers. Colorectal Dis 2018; 20:O335-O342. [PMID: 30248228 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Faecal markers, such as the faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin (FIT) and faecal calprotectin (FCP), have been increasingly used to exclude colorectal cancer (CRC) and colonic inflammation. However, in those with lower gastrointestinal symptoms there are considerable numbers who have cancer but have a negative FIT test (i.e. false negative), which has impeded its use in clinical practice. We undertook a study of diagnostic accuracy CRC using FIT, FCP and urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in patients with lower gastrointestinal symptoms. METHOD One thousand and sixteen symptomatic patients with suspected CRC referred by family physicians were recruited prospectively in accordance with national referring protocol. A total of 562 patients who completed colonic investigations, in addition to providing stool for FIT and FCP as well as urine samples for urinary VOC measurements, were included in the final outcome measures. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity for CRC using FIT was 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66-0.93] and 0.93 (CI 0.91-0.95), respectively. For urinary VOCs, the sensitivity and specificity for CRC was 0.63 (CI 0.46-0.79) and 0.63 (CI 0.59-0.67), respectively. However, for those who were FIT-negative CRC (i.e. false negatives), the addition of urinary VOCs resulted in a sensitivity of 0.97 (CI 0.90-1.0) and specificity of 0.72 (CI 0.68-0.76). CONCLUSIONS When applied to the FIT-negative group, urinary VOCs improve CRC detection (sensitivity rises from 0.80 to 0.97), thus showing promise as a second-stage test to complement FIT in the detection of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Widlak
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.,Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M Neal
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - E Daulton
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - C L Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - C Tomkins
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - B Singh
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - C Harmston
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - A Wicaksono
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - C Evans
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.,Midlands and North West Bowel Cancer Screening Hub, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - R S Savage
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - J A Covington
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - R P Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK.,Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Applied Biological and Experimental Sciences, University of Coventry, Coventry, UK
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Smith LA, Gaya DR. Utility of faecal calprotectin analysis in adult inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6782-9. [PMID: 23239916 PMCID: PMC3520167 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i46.6782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing, remitting disorders. Diagnosis, along with assessment of disease activity and prognosis present challenges to managing clinicians. Faecal biomarkers, such as faecal calprotectin, are a non-invasive method which can be used to aid these decisions. Calprotectin is a calcium and zinc binding protein found in the cytosol of human neutrophils and macrophages. It is released extracellularly in times of cell stress or damage and can be detected within faeces and thus can be used as a sensitive marker of intestinal inflammation. Faecal calprotectin has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of IBD, correlates with mucosal disease activity and can help to predict response to treatment or relapse. With growing evidence supporting its use, over the last decade this faecal biomarker has significantly changed the way IBD is managed.
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