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Jang KB, Zhao Y, Kim YI, Pasquetti T, Kim SW. Effects of bacterial β-mannanase on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in various feedstuffs fed to growing pigs. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1700-1708. [PMID: 37592382 PMCID: PMC10623040 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effects of β-mannanase on metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of protein in various feedstuffs including barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), palm kernel meal, sorghum, and soybean meal. METHODS A basal diet was formulated with 94.8% corn and 0.77% amino acids, minerals, and vitamins and test diets replacing corn-basal diets with barley, corn DDGS, sorghum, soybean meal, or wheat (50%, respectively) and copra meal or palm kernel meal (30%, respectively). The basal diet and test diets were evaluated by using triplicated or quadruplicated 2×2 Latin square designs consisting of 2 diets and 2 periods with a total of 54 barrows at 20.6±0.6 kg (9 wk of age). Dietary treatments were levels of β-mannanase supplementation (0 or 800 U/kg of feed). Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 4-d adaptation period. The ME and ATTD of crude protein (CP) in feedstuffs were calculated by a difference procedure. Data were analyzed using Proc general linear model of SAS. RESULTS Supplementation of β-mannanase improved (p<0.05) ME of barley (10.4%), palm kernel meal (12.4%), sorghum (6.0%), and soybean meal (2.9%) fed to growing pigs. Supplementation of β-mannanase increased (p<0.05) ATTD of CP in palm kernel meal (8.8%) and tended to increase (p = 0.061) ATTD of CP in copra meal (18.0%) fed to growing pigs. CONCLUSION This study indicates that various factors such as the structure and the amount of β-mannans, water binding capacity, and the level of resistant starch vary among feedstuffs and the efficacy of supplemental β-mannanase may be influenced by these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Beom Jang
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,
USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,
USA
| | - Young Ihn Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,
USA
| | - Tiago Pasquetti
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,
USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,
USA
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Fortes BDA, de Carvalho Mello HH, Café MB, Arnhold E, Stringhini JH. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of protein sources associated with exogenous enzymes for broilers. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1030-1038. [PMID: 34991202 PMCID: PMC9271388 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of enzyme complex (EC) on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn gluten meal (60%) (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), dried bovine plasma (DBP) and poultry offal meal (POM). Experiments I and II were conducted with broilers in the pre-starter (1 to 7 days of age) and starter (1 to 21 days of age) phases, respectively. Methods The treatments consisted of a protein-free diet (PFD) containing feedstuffs either supplemented with EC (xylanase, amylase, and protease) or not. In Experiment I, a total of 360 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with eight birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. In Experiment II a total of 270 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with six birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. The PFD groups were used to assess the endogenous AA losses. The birds were slaughtered to collect the ileal content. Results In the pre-starter phase, the SID of arginine, branched chain-aminoacids, glycine, serine, aspartate, and glutamic acid increased with EC addition. The EC improved the SID of arginine and glutamic acid of CGM; the SID of valine and cystine of SPC; the SID of leucine, glycine, and aspartate of POM and the SID of isoleucine of DBP. In the starter phase, the SID of isoleucine, phenylalanine and glycine increased in EC-supplemented diets. The EC improved the SID of isoleucine of DBP; the SID of phenylalanine of CGM and POM. The SID of AA of SPC was not influenced by the EC. Conclusion The addition of an enzyme complex to broiler pre-starter and starter diets is efficient in increasing the SID of AA on SPC, POM and DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
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Li R, Wen Y, Yang L, Liu A, Wang F, He P. Dual quantum dot nanobeads-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone in feedstuffs. Food Chem 2021; 366:130527. [PMID: 34284186 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual quantum dot nanobeads-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (QBs-FLISA) was successfully developed for simultaneously detecting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feedstuffs. Dual CdSe/ZnS quantum dot nanobeads with different diameters that emit red and green fluorescence were conjugated with anti-AFB1 and anti-ZEN monoclonal antibodies to prepare fluorescent probes, which greatly enhance analytical performance. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection for AFB1 and ZEN were 9.3 and 102.1 pg mL-1, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 82.50% to 116.21% with relative standard deviation less than 11.3%. Compared with traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, detection sensitivities of AFB1 and ZEN using QBs-FLISA were increased 20 and 5 folds, respectively. In addition, results of feedstuff samples analyzed by QBs-FLISA and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry showed a good agreement (R2 = 0.99).
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Luqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Anguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fenglai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Pingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Aboelhadid SM, Youssef IMI. Control of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) in feeds and commercial poultry diets via using a blend of clove and lemongrass extracts. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:30111-30120. [PMID: 33582963 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The insects' infestation decreases the nutritive value of the stored grains and causes losses in its weight, quality, or economic values. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of a natural product of clove and lemongrass extracts in controlling of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) in different feedstuffs and commercial poultry diets. Different concentrations of the tested product (5, 10, 20, 50, 100 mg) were mixed with 10 g of different feedstuffs and poultry diets, and incubated at different time points. The percent repellency (PR), toxicity effect, and antifeedant activity of the plant extracts compound were assessed. The PR was detected depending on the choice method. It was found that the PR was dose and time dependent. The highest doses (50 or 100 mg/10 g feed) achieved the highest repellency effect reaching 70% at 24 h post-application (PA). The minimal PR was reported by the lowest dose of 5 mg/10 g feed reaching 50% at 24 h PA. Moreover, the PR was found to decrease by time. The toxicity effect of this natural product on T. castaneum was cumulative, not acute, in which it was recorded after 1 month of application. Besides, this effect needs high doses of the product (at dose 500 or 1000 mg/50 g feed). The used product achieved a clear antifeedant activity against T. castaneum, as the feeding deterrent index (FDI %) for corn grains was 98.5% at 1.0 and 2.0% concentration, whereas for wheat grains there was a significant difference between both concentration (96.0 vs. 74.4%). In addition, the weight loss of control corn and wheat grains was higher than the treated ones, and it was about 3.15% and 2.0% per month for corn and wheat, respectively. In conclusion, the clove and lemongrass extracts had a repellency effect reaching to 70%. Moreover, it had a lethal effect on T. castaneum. In addition, it can reduce the weight loss of the infested feeds and consequently increasing its FDI %. Therefore, the clove and lemongrass extract blend can be used to protect the feedstuffs from the damage by this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim M I Youssef
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Granstad S, Itani K, Benestad SL, Øines Ø, Svihus B, Kaldhusdal M. Varying starch to fat ratios in pelleted diets: II. Effects on intestinal histomorphometry, Clostridium perfringens and short-chain fatty acids in Eimeria-challenged broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:92-100. [PMID: 32799668 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1810630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The hypothesis behind the study was that a high dietary starch level (HS) would lead to impaired gut health compared to a low-starch diet (LS) in Eimeria-challenged broilers. The effects of two diets with different starch to fat ratios on intestinal histomorphometry, Clostridium perfringens counts and toxin profile, necrotic enteritis prevalence and abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were examined. 2. A total of 1,920 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were fed one of two isocaloric diets formulated either with high (32:1) or low (2:1) starch to fat ratios from d 10 to 29 of age. Each treatment group had 12 pen replicates containing 80 broilers each. On d 17, the chickens were challenged with Eimeria vaccine strains. Samples were collected on d 16, 21-23 and 29. 3. Whereas villus length increased gradually throughout the study in the HS group, a peak level was reached on d 21-23 in the LS group. On d 29, the HS group had significantly longer villi than the LS group. 4. Caecal SCFA concentrations were higher in the HS group compared to the LS group on d 16. In both groups, the SCFA level peaked on d 21-23, with the most pronounced increase seen in the LS group. 5. The C. perfringens netB:cpa ratio increased from d 16 to 29 in the HS group. C. perfringens counts and necrotic enteritis prevalence were similar between the two groups. 6. Diet affected the dynamics of small intestinal villus length and caecal SCFA abundance. These findings suggest that structural remodelling of the small intestine is an adaptation to different dietary starch levels, and that caecal SCFA abundance is associated with the availability of substrate for the microbiota in the posterior intestinal segments. Chickens adapted to higher levels of dietary starch might be more robust against Eimeria infections due to increased mucosal surface area. Studies with other dietary starch sources are required to clarify the impact of dietary starch levels on intestinal health in Eimeria-challenged broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Granstad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Oslo, Norway
| | - K Itani
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås, Norway
| | | | - Ø Øines
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Oslo, Norway
| | - B Svihus
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås, Norway
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Tao C, Wei X, Zhang B, Zhao M, Wang S, Sun Z, Qi D, Sun L, Rajput SA, Zhang N. Heavy Metal Content in Feedstuffs and Feeds in Hubei Province, China. J Food Prot 2020; 83:762-766. [PMID: 32294760 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Heavy metal pollution threatens the health and life of animals and humans through the food chain. This study was performed to survey the heavy metal contamination in feedstuffs and feeds in Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, from 2012 to 2016. Samples were analyzed for cadmium (306 samples), mercury (117 samples), chromium (149 samples), and arsenic (4,358 samples) using atomic absorption spectrometry or atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The incidence rates of cadmium, mercury, chromium, and arsenic contamination of feedstuffs and feeds were high, and feeds were most often contaminated with chromium, followed by arsenic, cadmium, and mercury. The concentrations of heavy metals in samples positive for cadmium, mercury, chromium, and arsenic ranged from 0.001 to 1.200, 0.002 to 6.540, 0.060 to 8737.000, and 0.070 to 33.000 mg/kg, respectively. The mineral and additive samples had higher concentrations of heavy metals. The present study findings highlight the importance of monitoring heavy metals in feedstuffs and feeds and implementing feed management and bioremediation strategies to reduce heavy metal exposure. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Tao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6138-498X [C.T.])
| | - Xiaotian Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiyu Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangjian Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lvhui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shahid Ali Rajput
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Niya Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Mi S, Shang K, Jia W, Zhang CH, Liu JQ, Huang DQ. Composition of chemical elements in the edible viscera of Tibetan pigs and its correlation with environment and feed. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108832. [PMID: 32036888 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the element distribution in the edible viscera of Tibetan pigs and to clarify its correlation with soils, drinking water and feed. A total of 55 chemical elements were simultaneously quantified. P, K, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn were the most abundant elements in the analyzed viscera. The general distribution of all element concentrations in the viscera of Tibetan pigs was such that liver > kidney > small intestine > heart = lung = large intestine > stomach. Comparison with national and international allowable limits of toxic elements indicates that consumption of Tibetan pig viscera presents potential health risks. Spearman correlation analysis reveals that significantly (p < 0.0001) positive relationships exist between the element profiles of viscera and drinking water, soils as well as feed. For all edible viscera, the largest values of correlation coefficient were observed to be with corn feed. Our research provides a relatively comprehensive investigation of the elemental composition in Tibetan pig viscera. The correlation data would be helpful for the local farm to reformulate the feed for Tibetan pigs to improve the quality and safety of the viscera.
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Yu X, Han J, Li H, Zhang Y, Feng J. The effect of enzymes on release of trace elements in feedstuffs based on in vitro digestion model for monogastric livestock. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:73. [PMID: 30356951 PMCID: PMC6191990 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different feed enzymes (phytase, xylanase, β-glucanase) on release rate of trace elements (Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) in 6 commonly used feedstuffs (corn, wheat, barley, soybean meal, wheat bran, wheat middlings) by using an in vitro model, simulating the digestive processes in stomach for 2 h and then in small intestine for 6 h at 39 °C. Results Phytase raised (P < 0.05) the release rate of Cu and Zn in corn, Cu, Zn and Mn in wheat, Cu in barley, Cu, Zn and Mn in soybean meal, Zn, Fe in wheat bran and Zn, Fe, Mn in wheat middlings. The release rate of various trace elements in feedstuffs was increased after xylanase addition. Compared with the control group, the release rate of soluble Cu in corn, wheat, barley and soybean meal, soluble Zn in corn, wheat and wheat middlings and soluble of Mn in corn, wheat, barley and wheat bran increased (P < 0.05) after xylanase treatment. After the treatment of β-glucanase, the release rate of soluble Cu in corn, wheat and wheat bran, soluble Fe in barley, soybean meal and wheat bran and soluble Mn in corn and wheat bran all increased (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. In each feedstuff, after corresponding enzyme treatment, the contents of phytic acid, xylan and β-glucan were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Results showed that bound trace elements in feedstuffs can be released by feed enzymes. It may be necessary to take the trace elements in feedstuffs into account in the actual feed preparation including feed enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012 People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012 People's Republic of China
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Secci G, Mancini S, Iaconisi V, Gasco L, Basto A, Parisi G. Can the inclusion of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in diet affect the flesh quality/nutritional traits of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after freezing and cooking? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:161-171. [PMID: 30012023 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1489529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical and chemical parameters of rainbow trout fillets were tested during 120 days of frozen storage and following cooking. The fillets were obtained from rainbow trout-fed diets where dietary fishmeal was substituted with Hermetia illucens meal at 0, 25 and 50% inclusion levels, corresponding to control (C), Hi25, and Hi50 diets. Variations in quality traits of fillets emerged after 30 days of frozen storage, however they remained almost unchanged for the other 90 days. Increasing levels of H. illucens did not affect pH, shear stress, colour and water holding capacity of fillets. Saturated fatty acids were highly present in Hi50 samples, the polyunsaturated and some monounsaturated ones were higher in C than Hi50, whereas Hi25 always assumed intermediate contents in raw and cooked samples. A medium substitution at the 25% seemed to be the most practical application of insect meal in order to not modify too much the fillets characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Secci
- a Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
| | - Simone Mancini
- b Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Valeria Iaconisi
- a Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- c Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Ana Basto
- d Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões , Matosinhos , Portugal
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- a Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
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Peña-Rodas O, Martinez-Lopez R, Hernandez-Rauda R. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M 1 in cow milk in El Salvador: Results from a two-year survey. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:671-678. [PMID: 30009135 PMCID: PMC6042312 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and is excreted through cow´s milk. AFM1 contamination of milk is extended geographically and there might be seasons-related variations for both prevalence and contents, with higher than average values in regions with long periods of drought like El Salvador. Therefore, this project quantified AFM1 levels in raw cow milk and AFs in cattle feedstuffs, during the transitional dry-rainy seasons of two consecutive years and it determined the variation of occurrence and contents associated to drought. Significant variations were shown from year to year in the prevalence of contamination (30% vs. 20%) and in the average levels of AFM1 in milk (0.056 vs 0.039 μg/kg), associated with drought and increased temperature. The AFs median levels raised significantly with the drought period (from 22.5 to 10.3 μg/kg). A significant relationship was demonstrated between AFs levels and those of AFM1, both in the year with drought and without that condition. AFM1 positive cases and its levels in milk increase in drought and hot conditions, AFs levels in the cattle feed tend to be higher with the same, as well. Both relationship between AFs and AFM1 levels and their association with drought were demonstrated. So that, heat and drought stress conditions can evoke raising effects on both Aflatoxins level and occurrence due to AFM1 in milk is a carryover from AFs contaminated feedstuffs ingested by dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Peña-Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de Alimentos, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello, 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
| | - Roxana Martinez-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de Alimentos, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello, 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Rauda
- Direccion de Investigacion y Proyeccion Social, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello. 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
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Ayala DI, Chen JC, Bugarel M, Loneragan GH, den Bakker HC, Kottapalli KR, Brashears MM, Nightingale KK. Molecular detection and quantification of viable probiotic strains in animal feedstuffs using the commercial direct fed microbial Lactobacillus animalis NP51 as a model. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 149:36-43. [PMID: 29673790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus animalis NP51 is a direct-fed microbial strain (DFM) extensively used as a pre-harvest food safety mitigation in feedlot cattle due to its antagonistic effects against human foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7. NP51 not only promotes overall gut health but interferes with the ability of these pathogens to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. As a result, NP51 reduces fecal shedding of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 in cattle presented for harvest and the load of these pathogens that enter the human food chain. Cattle are administered a high dose (1 × 109 CFU/head/day) of NP51 to reduce fecal shedding of foodborne pathogens. Ensiled animal feedstuffs naturally contain a high load of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and it is not possible to detect and quantify the level of a specific LAB strain (e.g., NP51) in this matrix using traditional microbiological culture. The purpose of this study was to develop a molecular method to detect and quantify viable populations of a specific LAB strain (e.g., NP51) in cattle feedstuffs. The NP51 whole genome sequence was aligned with closely related LAB clustering within the same well-supported clade in a LAB phylogeny derived from 30 conserved amino acid encoding sequence to identify orthologs. A sequence encoding recombinational DNA repair protein RecT was found to be unique to NP51 and used to design primers and a probe for molecular detection and quantification of NP51. The primers and probe were confirmed to be specific to NP51 in vitro. Total RNA was extracted from silage samples, including samples naturally inoculated in the field and control samples that were artificially spiked with a range of NP51 concentrations in the laboratory. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative real-time (RT-qRTi) PCR was used to quantify cDNA copies in samples and cycle threshold (Ct) values were compared to a standard curve to estimate NP51 concentrations. Our results indicate this novel molecular method is suitable to confirm the presence and estimate the concentration of a specific LAB strain in animal feedstuffs containing high background levels of LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Ayala
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - J C Chen
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - M Bugarel
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - G H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - H C den Bakker
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - K R Kottapalli
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - M M Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - K K Nightingale
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Lubbock, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Annunziata L, Visciano P, Stramenga A, Colagrande MN, Campana G, Scortichini G, Migliorati G, Compagnone D. Investigation of Nonionophoric Coccidiostat Residues in Feed as a Consequence of Carryover. J Food Prot 2018; 81:482-489. [PMID: 29474144 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Residues of nonionophoric coccidiostats at carryover concentrations in feedstuffs collected from feed mills or animal farms in central Italy were detected as part of the official controls carried out from 2011 through 2016. The 118 samples were collected on the production line or during feed distribution and storage to determine the sampling sites at major risk of cross-contamination. For determination of nonionophoric coccidiostats, a fast, easy, and cheap method was developed and validated. Feed samples were extracted with acetonitrile-methanol and directly injected for liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 24 samples (20.3%) were positive, but only 5 (4.2%) of these samples exceeded the maximum limit set by European legislation. Most of the positive samples were collected from a batch of feed produced immediately following processing of another batch to which the coccidiostat robenidine had been added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Annunziata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Pierina Visciano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-5931 [P.V.]); and
| | - Arianna Stramenga
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Colagrande
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Guido Campana
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giampiero Scortichini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-5931 [P.V.]); and
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Schöne F, Spörl K, Leiterer M. Iodine in the feed of cows and in the milk with a view to the consumer's iodine supply. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 39:202-209. [PMID: 27908415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Milk may be an iodine source for humans, but its magnitude depends on the iodine content of cow feed. The present investigation focused on the iodine level of feed and milk in German feeding practice in comparison with the results of previous milk monitoring and dose-response experiments with dairy cows. In 73 samples of straight feedstuffs (41 concentrates, 32 silages prepared from grass or green maize) and a total of 83 vitamin mineral premixes and compound feeds, respectively, the iodine content was determined and along with the expected daily iodine intake of cows. In six Thuringian cow herds, the total cow diets (51 total mixed rations, TMR) as well as the bulk milk (n=77) were analysed for iodine. Cereal and legume grains and extracted meals from oilseeds had very low native iodine contents at<9-43μg iodine/kg dry matter (DM). Silages showed higher contents than the concentrates. In grass silage, the median amounted to 173μg iodine/kg DM. The significant relationship between the silages' ash and iodine content indicates contamination of grass during harvesting by soil. With regard to supplements, dairy cows received via premixes a mean of 1.2mg iodine/kg diet DM and this was in the magnitude of 0.8mg iodine/kg DM determined in TMR on farm. However, the resulting mean milk concentration of 105μg iodine/kg, median 100μg/kg, is only a half of that in dose-response experiments with 200μg iodine/kg milk at 1mg iodine/kg cow feed DM. The decrease of iodine transfer into the mammary gland and milk is caused by rapeseed meal (RSM) with the glucosinolates and their degradation compounds, e.g. isothiocyanates. By compensating for the iodine antagonist effects of diets containing RSM, more iodine should be added. Twice the current mean feed iodine supplement would optimize the contribution of animal-source food to the human iodine supply in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schöne
- Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture, Investigation Unit - Laboratory, Naumburger Str. 98, D-07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Spörl
- Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture, Investigation Unit - Laboratory, Naumburger Str. 98, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Leiterer
- Thuringian State Institute of Agriculture, Investigation Unit - Laboratory, Naumburger Str. 98, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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14
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Saree S, Bunchasak C, Rakangtong C, Sakdee J, Krutthai N, Poeikhampha T. Comparative effects of corn-based diet and phase-fed cassava-based diet on growth rate, carcass characteristics and lipid profile of meat-type ducks. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2016; 30:843-848. [PMID: 27660022 PMCID: PMC5411848 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a corn- or cassava- based diet on the production of meat-type ducks. Methods Four hundred day-old ducks were used in this experiment. They were divided into five groups with each group replicated eight times. The ducks fed the corn-based diets served as the control group. The four other groups comprised different treatments, with each one given the cassava-based diet based on phase-feeding. Three treatments were fed the cassava-based diet from 16, 28, and 35 d; respectively up to 42 d of age and the other group was fed the cassava-based diet from 1 to 42 d of age. Results The results indicated that ducks on either the corn- or cassava-based diets were similar in growth during 1 to 9 d of age. However, toward 35 to 42 d, the cassava-diet produced a higher weight gain (p<0.05). The cassava-based diet was better than the corn-based diet at increasing the outer and inner breast weights at 28, 35, or 42 d (p<0.05). In contrast, the corn-based diet was better at increasing abdominal fat (p<0.05). The two diets did not differ in their effects on the serum triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and liver cholesterol. The corn-based diet, however, caused a highly significantly greater level of liver triglyceride (p<0.01). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that both the cassava- and corn- based diets are similar in their effect on meat-type ducks during the starter stage but toward the finisher stage, the cassava-based diet has a better influence on weight gain and carcass characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowalak Saree
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chaiyapoom Bunchasak
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Choawit Rakangtong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jessada Sakdee
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nuttawut Krutthai
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Department of Agricultural Technology and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chang Mai 50330, Thailand
| | - Theerawit Poeikhampha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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15
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Castro C, Peréz-Jiménez A, Coutinho F, Díaz-Rosales P, Serra CA, Panserat S, Corraze G, Peres H, Oliva-Teles A. Dietary carbohydrate and lipid sources affect differently the oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1584-93. [PMID: 26365262 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515003360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid source and carbohydrate content on the oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. For that purpose, four diets were formulated with fish oil (FO) and vegetable oils (VO) as the lipid source and with 20 or 0 % gelatinised starch as the carbohydrate source, in a 2×2 factorial design. Liver and intestine antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)), hepatic and intestinal lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as hepatic oxidative stress index (OSI), were measured in fish fed the experimental diets for 73 d (n 9 fish/diet). Carbohydrate-rich diets promoted a decrease in hepatic LPO and OSI, whereas the lipid source induced no changes. Inversely, dietary lipid source, but not dietary carbohydrate concentration, affected LPO in the intestine. Lower intestinal LPO was observed in VO groups. Enzymes responsive to dietary treatments were GR, G6PD and CAT in the liver and GR and GPX in the intestine. Dietary carbohydrate induced GR and G6PD activities and depressed CAT activity in the liver. GPX and GR activities were increased in the intestine of fish fed VO diets. Overall, effects of diet composition on oxidative status were tissue-related: the liver and intestine were strongly responsive to dietary carbohydrates and lipid sources, respectively. Furthermore, different metabolic routes were more active to deal with the oxidative stress in the two organs studied.
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Sun DD, Gu X, Li JG, Yao T, Dong YC. Quality evaluation of five commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits for detecting aflatoxin b1 in feedstuffs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015; 28:691-6. [PMID: 25924961 PMCID: PMC4413000 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of five commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (A, B, C, D, and E) from different suppliers for detecting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). AFB1-free corn samples supplemented with different levels of AFB1 (5, 10, and 20 μg/kg) were used as positive controls and 6 replicates of each control sample were tested to evaluate the accuracy and precision of these kits. In addition, we also evaluated the performance of these ELISA kits for AFB1 in 30 feed samples, including corn, distillers dried grains with soluble, wheat samples, soybean meal, and poultry feed, which were verified by high performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the coefficients of variation ranged from 1.18% to 16.22% in intra-plate and 2.85% to 18.04% in inter-plate for the determination of AFB1. The half maximal inhibitory concentration for five kits ranged from 3.72 to 7.22 μg/kg. The quantitation limits of AFB1 were all under the legal limit in China but somewhat inconsistent with kit instructions. Although the recovery rate of four of the five kits were either less than 90% or more than 110%, all these values were acceptable in practice. Two kits had high false positive rates (C and E). In conclusion, our results revealed that the qualities of five tested ELISA kits were significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Sun
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Gu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun-Guo Li
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying-Chao Dong
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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