Flavopereirine Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Growth by Inducing Cell-cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, and Autophagy-related Protein Expression

BACKGROUND/AIM

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. Resistance to chemotherapy and side-effects remain a challenge for treating advanced and recurrent HCC. Therefore, there is an emerging need to develop new drugs to treat HCC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We evaluated the anti-growth activity of flavopereirine in HepG2 and Huh7 HCC cell lines. Cell viability, cell-cycle profile, apoptosis, and autophagy-related protein expressions were analysed after flavopereirine treatment.

RESULTS

Flavopereirine treatment induced G₀/G₁ cell-cycle arrest, with an increase of sub-G₁ cells detected at the higher concentration and longer exposure to flavopereirine in HCC cells. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways were involved in flavopereirine-induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by an increase of cleaved caspase 8 and 9 by western blotting. An alteration of autophagy-related protein expression was also found after flavopereirine treatment.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, the current results indicate that flavopereirine exhibits good anticancer activity in HCC cells.

Flavopereirine Suppresses the Growth of Colorectal Cancer Cells through P53 Signaling Dependence

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The outcome of CRC patients remains poor. Thus, a new strategy for CRC treatment is urgently needed. Flavopereirine is a β-carboline alkaloid extracted from Geissospermum vellosii, which can reduce the viability of various cancer cells through an unknown mode of action. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional mechanism and therapeutic potential of flavopereirine on CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that flavopereirine significantly lowered cellular viability, caused intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, and induced G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest in CRC cells. Flavopereirine downregulated Janus kinases-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAKs-STATs) and cellular myelocytomatosis (c-Myc) signaling in CRC cells. In contrast, the enforced expressions of constitutive active STAT3 and c-Myc could not restore flavopereirine-induced viability reduction. Moreover, flavopereirine enhanced P53 expression and phosphorylation in CRC cells. CRC cells with P53 knockout or loss-of-function mutation significantly diminished flavopereirine-mediated viability reduction, indicating that P53 activity plays a major role in flavopereirine-mediated CRC cell growth suppression. Flavopereirine also significantly repressed CRC cell xenograft growth in vivo by upregulating P53 and P21 and inducing apoptosis. In conclusion, flavopereirine-mediated growth suppression in CRC cells depended on the P53-P21, but not the JAKs-STATs-c-Myc signaling pathway. The present study suggests that flavopereirine may be efficacious in the clinical treatment of CRC harboring functional P53 signaling.