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Selvaganapathi R, Sivaprakasam V, Sathyanarayanan B, Balamurugan P, Das S, Sathiyamoorthy G. Evaluating hydrogeochemical controls and noncarcinogenic health risk assessment of fluoride concentration in groundwater of Palacode and Pennagaram taluk, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1472. [PMID: 37964072 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on assessing hydrochemical characteristics and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with fluoride contamination in groundwater within the Palacode and Pennagaram taluks of Dharmapuri district. The presence of fluoride in drinking water is a significant concern due to its potential health impacts on both adults and children. We collected a total of 158 groundwater samples during both the summer (SUM) and monsoon (MON) seasons in 2021 to evaluate the suitability of water for drinking purposes in this region. During the SUM season, groundwater exhibits alkaline characteristics with a pH range of 6.70 to 8.73 and a mean value of 7.43, while the MON season falls within the neutral pH range with values ranging from 6.60 to 7.60 and a mean of 7.00. Hydrogeochemical analysis reveals that fluoride concentrations during the SUM season range from 0.13 to 2.7 mg/L, with a mean of 0.82 mg/L, whereas the MON season exhibits concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 1.6 mg/L, with a mean of 0.5 mg/L. Spatial distribution analysis indicates a gradual increase in fluoride concentrations from the northeast to the central and southern parts of the study area during both seasons. Residents in these areas have been exposed to high fluoride levels for an extended period, leading to health issues related to fluorosis. Our hydrogeochemical analysis attributes fluoride dominance to the Cl--SO42- water type in both seasons. Furthermore, the relationship between fluoride and pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, and Na+ suggests the influence of geological factors in fluoride dissolution under alkaline conditions, while a reverse cation exchange process and increasing calcium concentration inhibit fluoride concentration. Saturation indices indicate that the unsaturated state of gypsum dissolution contributes to elevated fluoride levels in groundwater. Additionally, Gibbs plots highlight rock-water interactions as a significant factor influencing groundwater chemistry in the study area. Based on our hazard quotient (HQ) investigation, children are at a higher risk during both seasons compared to adults, with the central and northern regions showing alarming HQ values. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced groundwater quality monitoring and a comprehensive assessment of health risks, providing valuable insights for groundwater safety management in vulnerable areas of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selvaganapathi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - Vasudevan Sivaprakasam
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India.
| | | | - P Balamurugan
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - Subhrajit Das
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
| | - G Sathiyamoorthy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608002, India
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Tong L, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhou K, Zhang S, Jia Q, Lu W, Huang Y, Ni G. Accumulation of high concentration fluoride in the Ulungur Lake water through weathering of fluoride containing rocks in Xinjiang, China. Environ Pollut 2023; 323:121300. [PMID: 36796667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is a potential contaminant at high concentrations when used for drinking due to its adverse human health effects. The Ulungur Lake in Xinjiang, China has a long history of high fluoride concentration in lake water, but the mechanism leading to such high concentrations of fluoride is still unclear. In this study we evaluate the fluoride concentration in different water bodies and upstream rock formations in the Ulungur watershed. The result show that fluoride concentration in the Ulungur Lake water fluctuates around 3.0 mg L-1, although the fluoride concentrations in the feeding rivers and groundwater are all lower than 0.5 mg L-1. A mass balance model is developed for water, fluoride, and total dissolved solid in the lake, and the model explains why the concentration of fluoride in the lake water is higher than those in river and ground water. Bedrock compositions are measured from nearby formations which confirm the potential of these rocks to release fluoride into water bodies through water-rock interactions. The whole-rock concentrations of fluoride are in the range of 0.4-2.4 g kg-1 and the water-soluble concentrations of fluoride in the upstream rocks are 0.26-3.13 mg L-1. Biotite and hornblende are identified as the fluorine containing minerals in the Ulungur watershed. The concentration of fluoride in the Ulungur has been declining slowly in recent years due to increased water inflow fluxes, and our mass balance model predicts that the fluoride concentration will eventually reach 1.70 mg L-1 under a new steady state, but it requires about 25-50 years to reach the new steady state. The yearly fluctuation of fluoride concentration in the Ulungur Lake is likely due to changes in water-sediment interactions reflected in changes in lake water pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Qicui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenzhou Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yuefei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China
| | - Guangheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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