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Gehrke NR, Feng D, Ayub Ali M, Maalouf MA, Holstein SA, Wiemer DF. α-Amino bisphosphonate triazoles serve as GGDPS inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 102:129659. [PMID: 38373465 PMCID: PMC10981527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Depletion of cellular levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate by inhibition of the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) is a potential strategy for disruption of protein transport by limiting the geranylgeranylation of the Rab proteins that regulate intracellular trafficking. As such, there is interest in the development of GGDPS inhibitors for the treatment of malignancies characterized by abnormal protein production, including multiple myeloma. Our previous work has explored the structure-function relationship of a series of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonate-based GGDPS inhibitors, with modifications having impact on enzymatic, cellular and in vivo activities. We have synthesized a new series of α-amino bisphosphonates to understand the impact of modifying the alpha position with a moiety that is potentially linkable to other agents. Bioassays evaluating the enzymatic and cellular activities of these compounds demonstrate that incorporation of the α-amino group affords compounds with GGDPS inhibitory activity which is modulated by isoprenoid tail chain length and olefin stereochemistry. These studies provide further insight into the complexity of the structure-function relationship and will enable future efforts focused on tumor-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Gehrke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, US
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, US
| | - Md Ayub Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, US; Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mona A Maalouf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, US
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, US; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, US
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, US; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, US.
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Bhuiyan NH, Varney ML, Bhattacharya DS, Payne WM, Mohs AM, Holstein SA, Wiemer DF. ω-Hydroxy isoprenoid bisphosphonates as linkable GGDPS inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126633. [PMID: 31474482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) is a potential therapeutic target for multiple myeloma. Malignant plasma cells produce and secrete large amounts of monoclonal protein, and inhibition of GGDPS results in disruption of protein geranylgeranylation which in turn impairs intracellular protein trafficking. Our previous work has demonstrated that some isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates are potent and selective inhibitors of GGDPS. To explore the possibility of selective delivery of such compounds to plasma cells, new analogues with an ω-hydroxy group have been synthesized and examined for their enzymatic and cellular activity. These studies demonstrate that incorporation of the ω-hydroxy group minimally impairs GGDPS inhibitory activity. Furthermore conjugation of one of the novel ω-hydroxy GGDPS inhibitors to hyaluronic acid resulted in enhanced cellular activity. These results will allow future studies to focus on the in vivo biodistribution of HA-conjugated GGDPS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul H Bhuiyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Deep S Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - William M Payne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Aaron M Mohs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, United States.
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Matthiesen RA, Varney ML, Xu PC, Rier AS, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. α-Methylation enhances the potency of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates as geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:376-385. [PMID: 29248353 PMCID: PMC5752576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of protein geranylgeranylation via inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) represents a novel therapeutic strategy for a variety of malignancies, especially those characterized by excessive protein secretion such as multiple myeloma. Our work has demonstrated that some isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates are potent and selective inhibitors of GGDPS. Here we present the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of isoprenoid triazoles modified by incorporation of a methyl group at the α-carbon. These studies reveal that incorporation of an α-methyl substituent enhances the potency of these compounds as GGDPS inhibitors, and, in the case of the homogeranyl/homoneryl series, abrogates the effects of olefin stereochemistry on inhibitory activity. The incorporation of the methyl group allowed preparation of a POM-prodrug, which displayed a 10-fold increase in cellular activity compared to the corresponding salt. These studies form the basis for future preclinical studies investigating the anti-myeloma activity of these novel α-methyl triazole bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Matthiesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Pauline C Xu
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Alex S Rier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, United States
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.
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Wills VS, Metzger JI, Allen C, Varney ML, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. Bishomoisoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates as inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2437-2444. [PMID: 28302510 PMCID: PMC5450914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein geranylgeranylation reactions are dependent on the availability of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), which serves as the isoprenoid donor. Inhibition of GGDP synthase (GGDPS) is of interest from a drug development perspective as GGDPS inhibition results in impaired protein geranylgeranylation, which in multiple myeloma, disrupts monoclonal protein trafficking and induces apoptosis. We have recently reported a series of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates and have demonstrated that a 3:1 mixture of homogeranyl and homoneryl isomers potently, and in a synergistic manner, inhibits GGDPS. We now present the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of bishomoisoprenoid triazoles which furthers our understanding of the structure-function relationship of this class. These studies demonstrate the importance of chain length and olefin stereochemistry on inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
| | - Joseph I Metzger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
| | - Cheryl Allen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Foust BJ, Allen C, Holstein SA, Wiemer DF. A new motif for inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3734-41. [PMID: 27338660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) is believed to receive the substrate farnesyl diphosphate through one lipophilic channel and release the product geranylgeranyl diphosphate through another. Bisphosphonates with two isoprenoid chains positioned on the α-carbon have proven to be effective inhibitors of this enzyme. Now a new motif has been prepared with one isoprenoid chain on the α-carbon, a second included as a phosphonate ester, and the potential for a third at the α-carbon. The pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs of several compounds based on this motif have been prepared and the resulting compounds have been tested for their ability to disrupt protein geranylgeranylation and induce cytotoxicity in myeloma cells. The initial biological studies reveal activity consistent with GGDPS inhibition, and demonstrate a structure-function relationship which is dependent on the nature of the alkyl group at the α-carbon.
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Zhou X, Ferree SD, Wills VS, Born EJ, Tong H, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA. Geranyl and neryl triazole bisphosphonates as inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2791-8. [PMID: 24726306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When inhibitors of enzymes that utilize isoprenoid pyrophosphates are based on the natural substrates, a significant challenge can be to achieve selective inhibition of a specific enzyme. One element in the design process is the stereochemistry of the isoprenoid olefins. We recently reported preparation of a series of isoprenoid triazoles as potential inhibitors of geranylgeranyl transferase II but these compounds were obtained as a mixture of olefin isomers. We now have accomplished the stereoselective synthesis of these triazoles through the use of epoxy azides for the cycloaddition reaction followed by regeneration of the desired olefin. Both geranyl and neryl derivatives have been prepared as single olefin isomers through parallel reaction sequences. The products were assayed against multiple enzymes as well as in cell culture studies and surprisingly a Z-olefin isomer was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah D Ferree
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Veronica S Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ella J Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Huaxiang Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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