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Montagnani M, Potenza MA, Corsalini M, Barile G, Charitos IA, de Giacomo A, Jirillo E, Colella M, Santacroce L. Current View on How Human Gut Microbiota Mediate Metabolic and Pharmacological Activity of Panax ginseng. A Scoping Review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:EMIDDT-EPUB-139273. [PMID: 38504564 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303270923240307120117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is one of the most important remedies in ancient Eastern medicine. In the modern Western world, its reputation started to grow towards the end of the XIX century, but the rather approximate understanding of action mechanisms did not provide sufficient information for an appropriate use. Nowadays, Panax ginseng is frequently used in some pathological conditions, but the comprehension of its potential beneficial effects is still incomplete. The purpose of this study is to highlight the most recent knowledge on mechanisms and effects of ginseng active ingredients on the intestinal microbiota. The human microbiota takes part in the immune and metabolic balance and serves as the most important regulator for the control of local pathogens. This delicate role requires a complex interaction and reflects the interconnection with the brain- and the liver-axes. Thus, by exerting their beneficial effects through the intestinal microbiota, the active ingredients of Panax ginseng (glycosides and their metabolites) might help to ameliorate both specific intestinal conditions as well as the whole organism's homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montagnani
- Department of Precision Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro,' Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Precision Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro,' Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Corsalini
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barile
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea de Giacomo
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Colella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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