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Zheng W, Li G, Yang G, Lu P, Li Q, Zhang M, Yuan M, Chen X, Wang C, Guo B, Ma B. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography and ion mobility-mass spectrometry for the multicomponent characterization of different parts of the medicinal plant Gynostemma longipes. Front Chem 2023; 11:1203418. [PMID: 37720716 PMCID: PMC10502315 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1203418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herba Gynostemma (Jiaogulan) is an herbaceous plant of the genus Gynostemma in the family Cucurbitaceae. Gynostemma longipes has lipid-lowering activity, thus, it is used as a medicinal material. However, its medicinal using parts have been recorded as whole plants or aerial parts in different provincial quality standards; therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive compositional analysis of the different parts of G. longipes (rhizomes, stems, and leaves) used in traditional medicine. In this study, offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography-ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC/IM-QTOF-MS) was used to analyze the different parts of G. longipes obtained from Shaanxi province, China. By combining the retention times, mass fragments, collision cross-section values, reference standards, and information concerning literature compounds, 396 components were identified from the three parts of the plant, including 94 groups of isomers, and 217 components were identified or tentatively identified as new compounds. In the rhizomes, leaves, and stems, 240, 220, and 168 compounds, respectively, were identified. Differential analysis of the compounds in the rhizomes and aerial parts was also carried out, and 36 differential components were identified, of which 32 had higher contents in the rhizomes. Therefore, these findings indicate that the number of chemical components and the content of major differential components are higher in the rhizomes than the leaves and stems of G. longipes from the Maobaling Planting Base in Pingli county, Shaanxi province. Thus, the rhizomes of G. longipes are also an important part for medicinal use. These results will contribute to the establishment of quality control methods for G. longipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengxin Lu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ming Yuan
- Waters Technologies Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Shaanxi Cuiyuankang Health Industry Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Li D, Li G, Xi B, Gan J, Wen D, Cao F, Suo F, Li J, Ma B, Guo B. Response mechanism of growth and gypenosides content for Gynostemma longipes cultivated at two altitude habitats to fine root morphological characteristics. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1143745. [PMID: 37324724 PMCID: PMC10265677 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Fine roots are the critical functional organs of plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil environment, while the relation between fine root morphological characteristics and yield & quality has received less attention for medicinal plants. Methods Therefore, we investigated the relationship between fine root morphological characteristics and biomass & gypenosides content. We explored the primary environmental drivers of fine root indicators for Gynostemma longipes from three provenances cultivated at two altitude habitats. Results At the end of the growing season, compared with the low-altitude habitat, the underground biomass of G. longipes in the high-altitude habitat increased significantly by 200%~290% for all three provenances. The response of gypenosides content to different altitude habitats varied with provenance and plant organs. The biomass of G. longipes strongly depended on the fine root characteristic indicators (P < 0.001), fine root length density, and fine root surface area. Our results also showed that the harvest yield of G. longipes could be effectively increased by promoting the growth of fine roots per unit leaf weight (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.63). Both fine root length density and fine root surface area had strong positive correlations with soil nutrient factors (R2 > 0.55) and a strong negative correlation with soil pH (R2 > 0.48). In a word, the growth of G. longipes is strongly controlled by the fine root morphological characteristics through the response of fine roots to soil nutrient factors and pH. Discussion Our findings will help to deepen the understanding of the root ecophysiological basis driven by soil factors for the growth and secondary metabolites formation of G. longipes and other medicinal plants under changing habitat conditions. In future research, we should investigate how environmental factors drive plant morphological characteristics (e.g., fine roots) to affect the growth & quality of medicinal plants over a longer time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Benye Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxia Gan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dingmei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Suo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jincan Li
- Ankang Zhengda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ankang, China
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Li G, Lu PX, Liang HZ, Zheng W, Chen XJ, Zhang J, Song J, Yang G, Wang YX, Zhang T, Guo BL, Ma BP. An effective and high-throughput sample preparation method involving demalonylation followed by an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detector for analyzing gypenoside XLIX and gypenoside A in Gynostemma longipes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 230:115393. [PMID: 37062206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Gypenosides (Gps) are the major bioactive components in Gynostemma species. They include neutral Gps and acidic malonylgypenosides (MGps). MGps are abundant in Gynostemma species and can be transformed into corresponding Gps via extraction, concentration, and drying. If only the Gps were quantified and MGps were ignored, the quality of Gynostemma species would be underestimated. This study aimed to develop a sample preparation method involving demalonylation and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detector (UHPLC-CAD) analysis to determine the contents of gypenoside XLIX (Gp XLIX) and gypenoside A (Gp A). First, the optimized ultrasonic extraction method was established to extract G. longipes powder ultrasonically. Then, the extracted solution was put into a closed container (centrifuge tube) and heated in a water bath at 95 °C. Then, MGps were converted into corresponding Gps. The proposed preparation method was compared with the other three methods, including water bath reflux heating, alkali hydrolysis, and extraction of heated powder, and was shown to exhibit higher conversion and better convenience. Subsequently, an UHPLC-CAD method was established and validated. Gp XLIX and Gp A showed excellent linear correlations between 15.55 and 248.8 μg/mL and 24.10-385.5 μg/mL, respectively (R2 > 0.999). The limit of detection was 1.40 ng (Gp XLIX) and 2.41 ng (Gp A), and the limit of quantification was 7.77 ng and 14.46 ng, respectively. The relative standard deviation for precision, stability, and repeatability was 0.63-3.15%. The average recovery of Gp XLIX and Gp A was 98.97% and 98.23%, respectively. The established method was applied for determining Gp XLIX and Gp A contents in wild or cultivated G. longipes samples collected from the Qinba Mountains area. The contents of Gp XLIX and Gp A were 5.16-23.02 mg/g and 15.78-54.55 mg/g, respectively. Conclusively, the proposed sample preparation and analysis method could be used for the quality control and evaluation of G. longipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Peng-Xin Lu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hai-Zhen Liang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Juan Song
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ya-Xi Wang
- AnKang Chia Tai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ankang 725000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- AnKang Chia Tai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ankang 725000, China
| | - Bao-Lin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bai-Ping Ma
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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Ye S, Feng L, Zhang S, Lu Y, Xiang G, Nian B, Wang Q, Zhang S, Song W, Yang L, Liu X, Feng B, Zhang G, Hao B, Yang S. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis and Identification of Dammarenediol-II Synthase Involved in Saponin Biosynthesis in Gynostemma longipes. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:852377. [PMID: 35401630 PMCID: PMC8990310 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma longipes contains an abundance of dammarane-type ginsenosides and gypenosides that exhibit extensive pharmacological activities. Increasing attention has been paid to the elucidation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) and UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that participate downstream of ginsenoside biosynthesis in the Panax genus. However, information on oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), the upstream genes responsible for the biosynthesis of different skeletons of ginsenoside and gypenosides, is rarely reported. Here, an integrative study of the metabolome and the transcriptome in the leaf, stolon, and rattan was conducted and the function of GlOSC1 was demonstrated. In total, 46 triterpenes were detected and found to be highly abundant in the stolon, whereas gene expression analysis indicated that the upstream OSC genes responsible for saponin skeleton biosynthesis were highly expressed in the leaf. These findings indicated that the saponin skeletons were mainly biosynthesized in the leaf by OSCs, and subsequently transferred to the stolon via CYPs and UGTs biosynthesis to form various ginsenoside and gypenosides. Additionally, a new dammarane-II synthase (DDS), GlOSC1, was identified by bioinformatics analysis, yeast expression assay, and enzyme assays. The results of the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis proved that GlOSC1 could catalyze 2,3-oxidosqualene to form dammarenediol-II via cyclization. This work uncovered the biosynthetic mechanism of dammarenediol-II, an important starting substrate for ginsenoside and gypenosides biosynthesis, and may achieve the increased yield of valuable ginsenosides and gypenosides produced under excess substrate in a yeast cell factory through synthetic biology strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Yingchun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wanling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Baowen Feng
- Honwin Pharma (Lianghe) Co., LTD., Dehong, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Bing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Hao,
| | - Shengchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Shengchao Yang,
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Zhang MM, Zheng W, Zhang J, Gao L, Liu XF, Luo DQ, Guo BL, Ma BP. [Qualitative analysis of Gynostemma longipes for medicinal usage]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2021; 46:951-965. [PMID: 33645102 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200623.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Qinling-Daba Mountains area is the main producing areas of Gynostemma longipes for medicinal usage, and samples of wild whole plants in Pingli, Shaanxi Province and Qingchuan, Sichuan Province were collected. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS~E) was used to profile the chemical compositions and analyze the similarities and differences of G. longipes samples in these areas. Based on the accurate molecular weight and fragment information obtained from Q-TOF-MS~E, the structures of the main components were identified by combining with the mass spectra, chromatographic behaviors of reference standards and related literatures. The results showed that the components of wild G. longipes from different places among Qinling-Daba Mountains area were similar. Forty-five chemical components were identified in the whole plant of G. longipes from Pingli, Shaanxi Province, including 43 triterpenoid saponins and 2 flavonoids which contain all main peaks in its fingerprint. The main components are dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, such asgypenoside ⅩLⅨ, gypenoside A and its malonylated product of glycosyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617,China Institute of Radiation Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Sciences Beijing 100850,China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Institute of Radiation Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Sciences Beijing 100850,China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Sciences Beijing 100850,China
| | - Lin Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617,China Institute of Radiation Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Sciences Beijing 100850,China
| | - Xue-Feng Liu
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control Xi'an 710065,China
| | - Ding-Qiang Luo
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control Xi'an 710065,China
| | - Bao-Lin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193,China
| | - Bai-Ping Ma
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin 301617,China Institute of Radiation Medicine,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Sciences Beijing 100850,China
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