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Zhu X, Liu X, Liu T, Ren X, Bai X. Sex differences in antioxidant ability and energy metabolism level resulting in the difference of hypoxia tolerance in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2023; 48:101136. [PMID: 37683360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism widely exists in crustaceans. However, sex differences in the hypoxia tolerance of crayfish have rarely been reported. In this study, the differences in hypoxia tolerance between the two sexes of crayfish were assessed according to mortality, pathological features of hepatopancreas, antioxidant enzyme activity and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis using transcriptome. The results showed that male crayfish displayed significantly higher mortality than the female under hypoxia stress (p < 0.05). Furthermore, female crayfish demonstrated higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activity. Hematoxylin-eosin staining analysis revealed that the damage of hepatopancreas was more severe in the male crayfish compared to the female crayfish. Additionally, there was higher expression level of the DEGs in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and higher energy metabolism level in the female compared to the male. Together, these findings suggest that the female crayfish with higher antioxidant ability and energy metabolism level exhibits stronger hypoxia tolerance than the male crayfish, providing the theoretical support for investigating sex differences in hypoxia tolerance among crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Shuangshui Shuanglü Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Shuangshui Shuanglü Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Shuangshui Shuanglü Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Shuangshui Shuanglü Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xufeng Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Shuangshui Shuanglü Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Ullah K, Ai L, Humayun Z, Wu R. Targeting Endothelial HIF2α/ARNT Expression for Ischemic Heart Disease Therapy. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:995. [PMID: 37508425 PMCID: PMC10376750 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with novel therapeutic strategies urgently needed. Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of IHD, contributing to its development and progression. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors activated in response to low oxygen levels, playing crucial roles in various pathophysiological processes related to cardiovascular diseases. Among the HIF isoforms, HIF2α is predominantly expressed in cardiac vascular endothelial cells and has a key role in cardiovascular diseases. HIFβ, also known as ARNT, is the obligate binding partner of HIFα subunits and is necessary for HIFα's transcriptional activity. ARNT itself plays an essential role in the development of the cardiovascular system, regulating angiogenesis, limiting inflammatory cytokine production, and protecting against cardiomyopathy. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of HIF2α and ARNT signaling in endothelial cell function and dysfunction and their involvement in IHD pathogenesis. We highlight their roles in inflammation and maintaining the integrity of the endothelial barrier, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets for IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Ullah
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lizhuo Ai
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zainab Humayun
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rongxue Wu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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3
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Graham AM, Barreto FS. Myxozoans (Cnidaria) do not Retain Key Oxygen-Sensing and Homeostasis Toolkit Genes. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:6989568. [PMID: 36648250 PMCID: PMC9887271 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For aerobic organisms, both the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway and the mitochondrial genomes are key players in regulating oxygen homeostasis. Recent work has suggested that these mechanisms are not as highly conserved as previously thought, prompting more surveys across animal taxonomic levels, which would permit testing of hypotheses about the ecological conditions facilitating evolutionary loss of such genes. The Phylum Cnidaria is known to harbor wide variation in mitochondrial chromosome morphology, including an extreme example, in the Myxozoa, of mitochondrial genome loss. Because myxozoans are obligate endoparasites, frequently encountering hypoxic environments, we hypothesize that variation in environmental oxygen availability could be a key determinant in the evolution of metabolic gene networks associated with oxygen-sensing, hypoxia-response, and energy production. Here, we surveyed genomes and transcriptomes across 46 cnidarian species for the presence of HIF pathway members, as well as for an assortment of hypoxia, mitochondrial, and stress-response toolkit genes. We find that presence of the HIF pathway, as well as number of genes associated with mitochondria, hypoxia, and stress response, do not vary in parallel to mitochondrial genome morphology. More interestingly, we uncover evidence that myxozoans have lost the canonical HIF pathway repression machinery, potentially altering HIF pathway functionality to work under the specific conditions of their parasitic lifestyles. In addition, relative to other cnidarians, myxozoans show loss of large proportions of genes associated with the mitochondrion and involved in response to hypoxia and general stress. Our results provide additional evidence that the HIF regulatory machinery is evolutionarily labile and that variations in the canonical system have evolved in many animal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe S Barreto
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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4
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Yu Y, Lin L, Liu K, Jiang Y, Zhou Z. Effects of Simvastatin on Cartilage Homeostasis in Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head by Inhibiting Glucocorticoid Receptor. Cells 2022; 11. [PMID: 36552711 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (SONFH) is one of the most common bone disorders in humans. Statin treatment is beneficial in preventing the development of SONFH through anti-inflammation effects and inhibition of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). However, potential mechanisms of statin action remain to be determined. In this study, pulse methylprednisolone (MP) treatment was used to induce SONFH in broilers, and then MP-treated birds were administrated with simvastatin simultaneously to investigate the changes in cartilage homeostasis. Meanwhile, chondrocytes were isolated, cultured, and treated with MP, simvastatin, or GR inhibitor in vitro. The changes in serum homeostasis factors, cell viability, and expression of GR were analyzed. The results showed that the morbidity of SONFH in the MP-treated group increased significantly compared with the simvastatin-treated and control group. Furthermore, MP treatment induced apoptosis and high-level catabolism and low-level anabolism in vitro and vivo, while simvastatin significantly decreased catabolism and slightly recovered anabolism via inhibiting GR and the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. The GR inhibitor or its siRNA mainly affected the catabolism of cartilage homeostasis in vitro. In conclusion, the occurrence of SONFH in broilers was related to the activation of GR and HIF pathway, and imbalance of cartilage homeostasis. Simvastatin and GR inhibitor maintained cartilage homeostasis via GR and the HIF pathway.
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Lee Y, Kim MS, Park JJC, Lee YH, Lee JS. Oxidative stress-mediated synergistic deleterious effects of nano- and microplastics in the hypoxia-conditioned marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 181:113933. [PMID: 35850089 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While pollution due to nano- and micro-sized plastics (NMPs) and hypoxic conditions both occur in coastal areas, the deleterious potential of co-exposure to hypoxia and NMPs (hypoxia and micro-sized plastics, HMPs; hypoxia and nano-sized plastics, HNPs) is largely unclear. Here, we provide evidence for multigenerational effects of HMP and HNP in the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis by investigating changes in its life traits, antioxidant system, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway using an orthogonal experimental design, with nanoscale and microscale particles measuring 0.05 μm and 6.0 μm in diameter, respectively, and hypoxic conditions of 0.5 mg/L for six generations. Combined exposure to NMPs and hypoxia caused a significant decrease in fecundity and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The HIF pathway and circadian clock genes were also significantly upregulated in response to HMP and HNP exposure. In particular, synergistic deleterious effects of HNP were evident, suggesting that size-dependent toxicity can be a major driver of the effects of hypoxia and NMP co-exposure. After several generations of exposure, ROS levels returned to basal levels and transcriptomic resilience was observed, although rotifer reproduction remained suppressed. These findings help eluciating the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in responses to plastic pollution in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jordan Jun Chul Park
- Département des Sciences, Université Sainte-Anne, Church Point, NS B0W1M0, Canada
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Rueda‐Carrasco J, Martin‐Bermejo MJ, Pereyra G, Mateo MI, Borroto A, Brosseron F, Kummer MP, Schwartz S, López‐Atalaya JP, Alarcon B, Esteve P, Heneka MT, Bovolenta P. SFRP1 modulates astrocyte-to-microglia crosstalk in acute and chronic neuroinflammation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51696. [PMID: 34569685 PMCID: PMC8567217 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. It fosters a dysfunctional neuron-microglia-astrocyte crosstalk that, in turn, maintains microglial cells in a perniciously reactive state that often enhances neuronal damage. The molecular components that mediate this critical communication are not fully explored. Here, we show that secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), a multifunctional regulator of cell-to-cell communication, is part of the cellular crosstalk underlying neuroinflammation. In mouse models of acute and chronic neuroinflammation, SFRP1, largely astrocyte-derived, promotes and sustains microglial activation, and thus a chronic inflammatory state. SFRP1 promotes the upregulation of components of the hypoxia-induced factor-dependent inflammatory pathway and, to a lower extent, of those downstream of the nuclear factor-kappa B. We thus propose that SFRP1 acts as an astrocyte-to-microglia amplifier of neuroinflammation, representing a potential valuable therapeutic target for counteracting the harmful effect of chronic inflammation in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rueda‐Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - María Jesús Martin‐Bermejo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Guadalupe Pereyra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - María Inés Mateo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Frederic Brosseron
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Markus P Kummer
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | | | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Michael T Heneka
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
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Childebayeva A, Harman T, Weinstein J, Day T, Brutsaert TD, Bigham AW. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Changes Associated With High-Altitude Acclimatization During an Everest Base Camp Trek. Front Physiol 2021; 12:660906. [PMID: 34262470 PMCID: PMC8273439 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.660906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The individual physiological response to high-altitude hypoxia involves both genetic and non-genetic factors, including epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic changes in hypoxia factor pathway (HIF) genes are associated with high-altitude acclimatization. However, genome-wide epigenetic changes that are associated with short-term hypoxia exposure remain largely unknown. We collected a series of DNA samples from 15 participants of European ancestry trekking to Everest Base Camp to identify DNA methylation changes associated with incremental altitude ascent. We determined genome-wide DNA methylation levels using the Illumina MethylationEPIC chip comparing two altitudes: baseline 1,400 m (day 0) and elevation 4,240 m (day 7). The results of our epigenome-wide association study revealed 2,873 significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and 361 significant differentially methylated regions (DMRs), including significant positions and regions in hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) pathways. Our pathway enrichment analysis identified 95 significant pathways including regulation of glycolytic process (GO:0006110), regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation (GO:1902036), and regulation of angiogenesis (GO:0045765). Lastly, we identified an association between the ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and oxygen saturation, as well as average ACE methylation. These findings shed light on the genes and pathways experiencing the most epigenetic change associated with short-term exposure to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainash Childebayeva
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Taylor Harman
- Department of Anthropology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Julien Weinstein
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Trevor Day
- Department of Biology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tom D Brutsaert
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Abigail W Bigham
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Solanki AK, Lali FV, Autefage H, Agarwal S, Nommeots-Nomm A, Metcalfe AD, Stevens MM, Jones JR. Bioactive glasses and electrospun composites that release cobalt to stimulate the HIF pathway for wound healing applications. Biomater Res 2021; 25:1. [PMID: 33451366 PMCID: PMC7811269 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-020-00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioactive glasses are traditionally associated with bonding to bone through a hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) surface layer but the release of active ions is more important for bone regeneration. They are now being used to deliver ions for soft tissue applications, particularly wound healing. Cobalt is known to simulate hypoxia and provoke angiogenesis. The aim here was to develop new bioactive glass compositions designed to be scaffold materials to locally deliver pro-angiogenic cobalt ions, at a controlled rate, without forming an HCA layer, for wound healing applications. METHODS New melt-derived bioactive glass compositions were designed that had the same network connectivity (mean number of bridging covalent bonds between silica tetrahedra), and therefore similar biodegradation rate, as the original 45S5 Bioglass. The amount of magnesium and cobalt in the glass was varied, with the aim of reducing or removing calcium and phosphate from the compositions. Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/bioactive glass composites were also produced. Glasses were tested for ion release in dissolution studies and their influence on Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) from fibroblast cells was investigated. RESULTS Dissolution tests showed the silica rich layer differed depending on the amount of MgO in the glass, which influenced the delivery of cobalt. The electrospun composites delivered a more sustained ion release relative to glass particles alone. Exposing fibroblasts to conditioned media from these composites did not cause a detrimental effect on metabolic activity but glasses containing cobalt did stabilise HIF-1α and provoked a significantly higher expression of VEGF (not seen in Co-free controls). CONCLUSIONS The composite fibres containing new bioactive glass compositions delivered cobalt ions at a sustained rate, which could be mediated by the magnesium content of the glass. The dissolution products stabilised HIF-1α and provoked a significantly higher expression of VEGF, suggesting the composites activated the HIF pathway to stimulate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu K Solanki
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ferdinand V Lali
- The Griffin Institute, Northwick Park & St Mark's Hospitals Campus, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Hélène Autefage
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amy Nommeots-Nomm
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anthony D Metcalfe
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Julian R Jones
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Abstract
Over millions of years, vertebrate species populated vast environments spanning the globe. Among the most challenging habitats encountered were those with limited availability of oxygen, yet many animal and human populations inhabit and perform life cycle functions and/or daily activities in varying degrees of hypoxia today. Of particular interest are species that inhabit high-altitude niches, which experience chronic hypobaric hypoxia throughout their lives. Physiological and molecular aspects of adaptation to hypoxia have long been the focus of high-altitude populations and, within the past decade, genomic information has become increasingly accessible. These data provide an opportunity to search for common genetic signatures of selection across uniquely informative populations and thereby augment our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptations to hypoxia. In this review, we synthesize the available genomic findings across hypoxia-tolerant species to provide a comprehensive view of putatively hypoxia-adaptive genes and pathways. In many cases, adaptive signatures across species converge on the same genetic pathways or on genes themselves [i.e., the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway). However, specific variants thought to underlie function are distinct between species and populations, and, in most cases, the precise functional role of these genomic differences remains unknown. Efforts to standardize these findings and explore relationships between genotype and phenotype will provide important clues into the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of physiological adaptations to environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yuuka Tanabe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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10
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Abstract
A hypoxic environment can be defined as a region of the body or the whole body that is deprived of oxygen. Hypoxia is a feature of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, tissue trauma, stroke, and solid cancers. A loss of oxygen supply usually results in cell death; however, when cells gradually become hypoxic, they may survive and continue to thrive as described for conditions that promote metastatic growth. The role of hypoxia in these pathogenic pathways is therefore of great interest, and understanding the effect of hypoxia in regulating these mechanisms is fundamentally important. This chapter gives an extensive overview of these mechanisms. Moreover, given the challenges posed by tumor hypoxia we describe the current methods to simulate and detect hypoxic conditions followed by a discussion on current and experimental therapies that target hypoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bowler
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Michael R Ladomery
- Faculty Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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11
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Zhu K, Ge D, Wen Z, Xia L, Yang Q. Evolutionary Genetics of Hypoxia and Cold Tolerance in Mammals. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:618-34. [PMID: 30327830 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen and fluctuant ambient temperature pose serious challenges to mammalian survival. Physiological adaptations in mammals to hypoxia and low temperatures have been intensively investigated, yet their underlying molecular mechanisms need further exploration. Independent invasions of high-altitude plateaus, subterranean burrows and marine environments by different mammals provide opportunities to conduct such analyses. Here, we focused on six genes in the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway and two non-shivering thermogenesis (NST)-related genes [PPAR co-activator 1 (PGC-1) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)] in representative species of pikas and other mammals to understand whether these loci were targeted by natural selection during independent invasions to conditions characterized by hypoxia and temperature fluctuations by high-altitude, subterranean and marine mammals. Our analyses revealed pervasive positive selection signals in the HIF pathway genes of mammals occupying high-altitude, subterranean and aquatic ecosystems; however, the mechanisms underlying their independent adaptations to hypoxic environments varied by taxa, since different genes were positively selected in each taxon and expression levels of individual genes varied among species. Additionally, parallel amino acid substitutions were also detected in hypoxia-tolerant mammals, indicating that convergent evolution may play a role in their independent adaptations to hypoxic environments. However, divergent evolutionary histories of NST-related genes were noted, since significant evidence of positive selection was observed in PGC-1 and UCP1 in high-altitude species and subterranean rodents; however, UCP1 may have already lost its function in diving cetaceans, which may be related to the thick blubber layer of adipose and connective tissue in these mammals.
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12
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Shenoy N, Pagliaro L. Sequential pathogenesis of metastatic VHL mutant clear cell renal cell carcinoma: putting it together with a translational perspective. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1685-95. [PMID: 27329246 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) accounts for ∼80% of all RCC, and biallelic Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene defects occur in ∼75% of sporadic ccRCC. The etiopathogenesis of VHL mutant metastatic RCC, based on our understanding to date of molecular mechanisms involved, is a sequence of events which can be grouped under the following: (i) loss of VHL activity (germline/somatic mutation + inactivation of the wild-type copy); (ii) constitutive activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway due to loss of VHL activity and transcription of genes involved in angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, survival, anaerobic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway; (iii) interactions of the HIF pathway with other oncogenic pathways; (iv) genome-wide epigenetic changes (potentially driven by an overactive HIF pathway) and the influence of epigenetics on various oncogenic, apoptotic, cell cycle regulatory and mismatch repair pathways (inhibition of multiple tumor suppressor genes); (v) immune evasion, at least partially caused by changes in the epigenome. These mechanisms interact throughout the pathogenesis and progression of disease, and also confer chemoresistance and radioresistance, making it one of the most difficult metastatic cancers to treat. This article puts together the sequential pathogenesis of VHL mutant ccRCC by elaborating these mechanisms and the interplay of oncogenic pathways, epigenetics, metabolism and immune evasion, with a perspective on potential therapeutic strategies. We reflect on the huge gap between our understanding of the molecular biology and currently accepted standard of care in metastatic ccRCC, and present ideas for better translational research involving therapeutic strategies with combinatorial drug approach, targeting different aspects of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shenoy
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - L Pagliaro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
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