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Krishnan SK, Mouleeswaran KS, Gopal P, Patcha R, Ramakrishna SH, Karnan P, Malleeswaran S, Varghese J, Reddy MS. First Report of a Paediatric Collision Tumour in the Liver Recognised After Liver Transplantation: Blissful Ignorance Has Benefits! J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:696-700. [PMID: 35535070 PMCID: PMC9077198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver tumours are uncommon in the paediatric population, constituting 1-2 % of all paediatric tumours and 4% of all paediatric liver tumours. Hepatoblastoma followed by hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common tumours in this age group. Simultaneous development of two discrete liver tumours of distinct histologies (collision tumour) has been occasionally reported in adults but never in children. We hereby present the first reported case of hepatic collision tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma) in the explant liver of a child who underwent living donor liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease and severe hepatopulmonary syndrome. The manuscript describes the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings of this case and also highlights the dilemma associated with management of this case had the diagnosis been made in the preoperative setting and also about the proposed management plan for this case in the postoperative period.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha fetoprotein
- CA 19-9, carbohydrate antigen
- CC, cholangiocarcinoma
- CECT, contrast-enhanced computed tomography
- CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure
- Ck, cytokeratin
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HPS, hepatopulmonary syndrome
- LDLT, living donor liver transplantation
- LT, liver transplant
- MAA scan, macro albumin aggregate scan
- PELD, pediataric end-stage liver disease score
- POD, postoperative day
- UCSF, University of California San Francisco
- UGI, upper gastrointestinal
- cholangiocarcinoma
- collision tumour
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- liver transplant
- paediatric liver transplant
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish K. Krishnan
- Department of Liver Transplant and Hepatopancreatico Biliary Surgery, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | | | - Prasanna Gopal
- Department of Liver Transplant and Hepatopancreatico Biliary Surgery, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Rajanikanth Patcha
- Department of Liver Transplant and Hepatopancreatico Biliary Surgery, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Somashekara H. Ramakrishna
- Department of Peadiatric Hepatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Perumal Karnan
- Department of Peadiatric Hepatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Selvakumar Malleeswaran
- Department of Liver Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Joy Varghese
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Mettu S. Reddy
- Department of Liver Transplant and Hepatopancreatico Biliary Surgery, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy refers to the structural and functional changes in the heart leading to either impaired systolic, diastolic, electrocardiographic, and neurohormonal changes associated with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is present in 50% of patients with cirrhosis and is clinically seen as impaired contractility, diastolic dysfunction, hyperdynamic circulation, and electromechanical desynchrony such as QT prolongation. In this review, we will discuss the cardiac physiology principles underlying cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, imaging techniques such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphy, cardiac biomarkers, and newer echocardiographic techniques such as tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking, and emerging treatments to improve outcomes. METHODS We reviewed available literature from MEDLINE for randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and real-world outcomes using the search terms "cirrhotic cardiomyopathy," "left ventricular diastolic dysfunction," "heart failure in cirrhosis," "liver transplantation," and "coronary artery disease". RESULTS Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased risk of complications such as hepatorenal syndrome, refractory ascites, impaired response to stressors including sepsis, bleeding or transplantation, poor health-related quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. The evaluation of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy should also guide the feasibility of procedures such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, dose titration protocol of betablockers, and liver transplantation. The use of targeted heart rate reduction is of interest to improve cardiac filling and improve the cardiac output using repurposed heart failure drugs such as ivabradine. Liver transplantation may also reverse the cirrhotic cardiomyopathy; however, careful cardiac evaluation is necessary to rule out coronary artery disease and improve cardiac outcomes in the perioperative period. CONCLUSION More data are needed on the new diagnostic criteria, molecular and biochemical changes, and repurposed drugs in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The use of advanced imaging techniques should be incorporated in clinical practice.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonylglycerol
- 2D, two-dimensional
- AEA, Anandamide
- ANP, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- ASE, the American Society of Echocardiography
- AUC, area under the curve
- BA, bile acid
- BNP, Brain natriuretic peptide
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CB-1, cannabinoid −1
- CCM, Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy
- CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
- CO, cardiac output
- CT, computed tomography
- CTP, Child–Turcotte–Pugh
- CVP, central venous pressure
- DT, deceleration Time
- ECG, electrocardiogram
- ECV, extracellular volume
- EF, Ejection fraction
- EMD, electromechanical desynchrony
- ESLD, end-stage liver disease
- FXR, Farnesoid X receptor
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GLS, Global Longitudinal strain
- HCN, Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HF, heart failure
- HO, Heme oxygenase
- HPS, hepatopulmonary syndrome
- HR, heart rate
- HRS, hepatorenal syndrome
- HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient
- HfmrEF, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction
- HfrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- IVC, Inferior Vena Cava
- IVCD, IVC Diameter
- IVS, intravascular volume status
- L-NAME, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester
- LA, left atrium
- LAVI, LA volume index
- LGE, late gadolinium enhancement
- LT, liver transplant
- LV, left ventricle
- LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction
- LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
- LVEDV, LV end diastolic volume
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- LVESV, LV end systolic volume
- LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract
- MAP, mean arterial pressure
- MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- MR, mitral regurgitation
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- MV, mitral valve
- NAFLD, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, Nitric oxide synthases
- NTProBNP, N-terminal proBNP
- PAP, pulmonary artery pressure
- PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedged pressure
- PHT, portal hypertension
- PWD, Pulsed-wave Doppler
- RV, right ventricle
- RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract
- SA, sinoatrial
- SD, standard deviation
- SV, stroke volume
- SVR, Systemic vascular resistance
- TDI, tissue Doppler imaging
- TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
- TR, Tricuspid valve
- TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1
- TTE, transthoracic echocardiography
- USG, ultrasonography
- VTI, velocity time integral
- beta blocker
- cirrhotic cardiomyopathy
- hemodynamics in cirrhosis
- left ventricular diastolic dysfunction
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhumita Premkumar
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Madhumita Premkumar, M.D., D.M., Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 60012, Chandigarh, India. Tel.: ++91-9540951061 (mobile)
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Kadry Z, Schaefer E, Krok K, Faust A, Stine JG, Schreibman IR, Bezinover D, Riley TR. Excellent outcomes with liver transplantation in hepatopulmonary syndrome across pre-transplant PaO 2 spectrum. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100351. [PMID: 34604726 PMCID: PMC8473556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Significantly worse survival has been reported in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) <45 mmHg undergoing liver transplantation. Long-term pre- and post-transplant outcomes based on degree of hypoxaemia were re-examined. Methods A retrospective analysis of 1,152 HPS candidates listed with an approved HPS model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) exception was performed. A Fine and Gray competing risks model was utilised to evaluate pre-transplant outcomes for PaO2 thresholds of <45, 45 to <60, and ≥60 mmHg. Post-transplant survival was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Patients with a PaO2 <45 mmHg were significantly more likely to undergo transplantation (hazard ratio [HR] 1.51; 95% CI 1.12-2.03), whereas patients with higher MELD scores had lower hazard of transplant (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67-0.95, p = 0.011) and higher hazard of pre-transplant death (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.55-3.37, p <0.001). Post-transplantation, patients with a PaO2 <45 mmHg had lower survival (p = 0.04) compared with patients with a PaO2 ≥45 to <50 mmHg, with survival curves significantly different at 2.6 years (75% survival compared with 86%) and median survival of 11.5 and 14.1 years, respectively. Cardiac arrest was a more likely (p = 0.025) cause of death for these patients. Cardiac arrest incidence in patients who died with a PaO2 >50 mmHg was 6.2%. Conclusions Patients with a PaO2 <45 mmHg had a significantly higher rate of transplantation, and higher calculated MELD scores were associated with significantly higher pre-transplant mortality. Although post-transplant survival was lower in patients with a PaO2 <45 mmHg, the median survival was 11.5 years, and survival curves only became significantly different at 2.6 years. This suggests that patients with HPS do benefit from transplantation up to 2-3 years post-transplant regardless of the severity of pre-transplant hypoxaemia. Lay summary A total of 1,152 patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome listed for liver transplant were analysed. Patients with a low PaO2 <45 mmHg had a high likelihood of transplantation. If associated with advanced liver disease, the mortality risk was higher for patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome on the wait list. After liver transplantation, patients with a PaO2 <45 mmHg had a lower survival, but this only became significant after 2.6 years, and the median survival was 11.5 years. This suggests that patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome do benefit from transplantation.
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Key Words
- CIF, cumulative incidence function
- ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- HPS, hepatopulmonary syndrome
- HR, hazard ratio
- Hepatopulmonary syndrome
- Hypoxia
- Liver transplantation
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- OPTN, Organ Procurement and Transplant Network
- POPH, portopulmonary hypertension
- PaO2, partial pressure of arterial oxygen
- STAR, Standard Transplant Analysis and Research
- UNOS, United Network for Organ Sharing
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakiyah Kadry
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Eric Schaefer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Karen Krok
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alison Faust
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Gibson Stine
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian Roy Schreibman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dmitri Bezinover
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Roberts Riley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Mahansaria SS, Kumar S, Bharathy KG, Kumar S, Pamecha V. Liver Transplantation After Bone Marrow Transplantation for End Stage Liver Disease with Severe Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in Dyskeratosis Congenita: A Literature First. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:344-7. [PMID: 26900277 PMCID: PMC4723656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyskeratosis congenita is a multisystem genetic disorder. Although hepatic involvement is reported in about 7% of patients with dyskeratosis congenita, it is not well characterized and often attributed to hemochromatosis from frequent blood transfusions. A few case reports describe cirrhosis and hepatic cell necrosis in affected individuals in autosomal dominant pedigrees. Bone marrow failure and malignancies are the principal causes of death in dyskeratosis congenita. We describe the first case of living donor liver transplantation, in dyskeratosis congenita for decompensated cirrhosis with portal hypertension. The patient also had associated severe hepatopulmonary syndrome, interstitial lung disease, bilateral hip replacement for avascular necrosis of the head of femur, and a past history of bone marrow transplantation for bone marrow failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sunder Mahansaria
- Liver Transplantation & HPB Surgery, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthil Kumar
- Liver Transplantation & HPB Surgery, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore G.S. Bharathy
- Liver Transplantation & HPB Surgery, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Viniyendra Pamecha
- Liver Transplantation & HPB Surgery, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Pamecha Viniyendra, Additional Professor and Chief Liver Transplant Surgeon, Liver Transplantation & HPB Surgery, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India. Tel.: +91 9540946803; fax: +91 11 92670 6746.
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Abstract
Surgery is often needed in patients with concurrent liver disease. The multiple physiological roles of the liver places these patients at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Diseases necessitating surgery like gallstones and hernia are more common in patients with cirrhosis. Assessment of severity of liver dysfunction before surgery is important and the risk benefit of the procedure needs to be carefully assessed. The disease severity may vary from mild transaminase rise to decompensated cirrhosis. Surgery should be avoided if possible in the emergency setting, in the setting of acute and alcoholic hepatitis, in a patient of cirrhosis who is child class C or has a MELD score more than 15 or any patient with significant extrahepatic organ dysfunction. In this subset of patients, all possible means to manage these patients conservatively should be attempted. Modified Child-Pugh scores and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores can predict mortality after surgery fairly reliably including nonhepatic abdominal surgery. Pre-operative optimization would include control of ascites, correction of electrolyte imbalance, improving renal dysfunction, cardiorespiratory assessment, and correction of coagulation. Tests of global hemostasis like thromboelastography and thrombin generation time may be more predictive of the risk of bleeding compared with the conventional tests of coagulation in patients with cirrhosis. Correction of international normalized ratio with fresh frozen plasma does not necessarily mean reduction of bleeding risk and may increase the risk of volume overload and lung injury. International normalized ratio liver may better reflect the coagulation status. Recombinant factor VIIa in patients with cirrhosis needing surgery needs further study. Intra-operatively, safe anesthetic agents like isoflurane and propofol with avoidance of hypotension are advised. In general, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) and benzodiazepines should not be used. Intra-abdominal surgery in a patient with cirrhosis becomes more challenging in the presence of ascites, portal hypertension, and hepatomegaly. Uncontrolled hemorrhage due to coagulopathy and portal hypertension, sepsis, renal dysfunction, and worsening of liver failure contribute to the morbidity and mortality in these patients. Steps to reduce ascitic leaks and infections need to be taken. Any patient with cirrhosis undergoing major surgery should be referred to a specialist center with experience in managing liver disease.
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Key Words
- ABG, arterial blood gas
- ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists
- Anesthesia
- BNP, brain natriuretic peptide
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CTP, Child–Turcotte–Pugh
- CVP, central venous pressure
- Child–Pugh score
- FDP, fibrin degradation products
- FFP, fresh frozen plasma
- HPS, hepatopulmonary syndrome
- ICG, indocyanine green
- ICU, intensive care unit
- INR, international normalized ratio
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- PICD, paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction
- PT, prothrombin time
- PTT, partial thromboplastin time
- SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- TEG, thromboelastogram
- TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
- cirrhosis
- coagulopathy
- hepatic
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rai
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fortis Hospital, Mulund, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjay Nagral
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Aabha Nagral
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai, India,Address for correspondence: Aabha Nagral, Department of Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital, 7, Snehasagar, Prabhanagar, Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400025, India.
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Anand MS, Bahl A, Bodh V, Dhiman RK. Recent onset dyspnea in a patient with cirrhosis of liver. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2011; 1:212. [PMID: 25755390 DOI: 10.1016/S0973-6883(11)60241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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