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Bryant KL, Manger PR, Bertelsen MF, Khrapitchev AA, Sallet J, Benn RA, Mars RB. A map of white matter tracts in a lesser ape, the lar gibbon. Brain Struct Funct 2023:10.1007/s00429-023-02709-9. [PMID: 37904002 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of methods for constructing directly comparable white matter atlases in primate brains from diffusion MRI allows us to probe specializations unique to humans, great apes, and other primate taxa. Here, we constructed the first white matter atlas of a lesser ape using an ex vivo diffusion-weighted scan of a brain from a young adult (5.5 years) male lar gibbon. We find that white matter architecture of the gibbon temporal lobe suggests specializations that are reminiscent of those previously reported for great apes, specifically, the expansion of the arcuate fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus in the temporal lobe. Our findings suggest these white matter expansions into the temporal lobe were present in the last common ancestor to hominoids approximately 16 million years ago and were further modified in the great ape and human lineages. White matter atlases provide a useful resource for identifying neuroanatomical differences and similarities between humans and other primate species and provide insight into the evolutionary variation and stasis of brain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Bryant
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Jérôme Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Bron, France
| | - R Austin Benn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, Université de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Goto R, Grider-Potter N, Shitara T, Kinoshita Y, Oka K, Nakano Y. Coordination within paraspinal muscles during bipedalism in humans, a white-handed gibbon, and a Japanese macaque. J Hum Evol 2023; 179:103356. [PMID: 37028220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Goto
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0006, Japan.
| | - Neysa Grider-Potter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Tetsuya Shitara
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinoshita
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kenji Oka
- School of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakano
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Lu LL, Yao YF, Wang GA, Xie G, Lu KQ, Sun B, Li JF, Bruch AA, Ferguson DK, Cui YM, Wang Q, Zhou XY, Gao F, Wang YF. Palaeobotanical evidence reveals the living conditions of Miocene Lufengpithecus in East Asia. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:155. [PMID: 36945024 PMCID: PMC10031969 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relationship between human evolution and environmental changes is the key to lifting the veil on human origin. The hypothesis that environmental changes triggered the divergence of humans from apes (ca. 9.3-6.5 million years ago, Ma) has been poorly tested because of limited continuous environmental data from fossil localities. Lufengpithecus (12.5-6.0 Ma) found on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau (SEMTP) across the ape-human split provides a good chance for testing this hypothesis. RESULTS Here, we reconstructed the habitats of L. keiyuanensis (12.5-11.6 Ma) with comprehensive vegetation, climate, and potential food web data by palaeobotanical evidence, together with other multidisciplinary data and partly tested the environment-driven hypothesis by revealing the living conditions of Lufengpithecus. CONCLUSION A detailed comparison of hominoids on different continents reveals their behaviour and fate divergence across the ape-human split against the background of global climate change, i.e., the stable living conditions of SEMTP not only provided a so-called 'refuge' for arboreal Lufengpithecus but also acted as a 'double-edged sword', preventing their further evolution while vegetation shifts in East Africa probably stimulated the emergence of human bipedalism, and the intense climatic changes in Europe possibly prevented those hominoids from surviving that time interval. Our findings provide interesting insight into the environmental impacts on the behavioural evolution of hominoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Feng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-An Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Gan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Qing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Angela A Bruch
- ROCEEH Research Centre, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David K Ferguson
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yi-Ming Cui
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 332900, Jiujiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Ying Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Paleoanthropolpgy, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, 650118, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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Ji X, Harrison T, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhang C, Hu J, Wu D, Hou Y, Li S, Wang G, Wang Z. The earliest hylobatid from the Late Miocene of China. J Hum Evol 2022; 171:103251. [PMID: 36113226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Yuanmoupithecus xiaoyuan, a small catarrhine from the Late Miocene of Yunnan in southern China, was initially suggested to be related to Miocene proconsuloids or dendropithecoids from East Africa, but subsequent reports indicated that it might be more closely related to hylobatids. Here, detailed comparisons of the material, including seven newly discovered teeth and a partial lower face of a juvenile individual, provide crucial evidence to help establish its phylogenetic relationships. Yuanmoupithecus exhibits a suite of synapomorphies that support a close phylogenetic relationship with extant hylobatids. Furthermore, based on the retention of several primitive features of the dentition, Yuanmoupithecus can be shown to be the sister taxon of crown hylobatids. The contention that Kapi ramnagarensis from the Middle Miocene of India might represent an earlier species of hylobatid is not supported here. Instead, Kapi is inferred to be a specialized pliopithecoid more closely related to Krishnapithecus krishnaii from the Late Miocene of India. Currently then, Yuanmoupithecus represents the earliest known definitively identified hylobatid and the only member of the clade predating the Pleistocene. It extends the fossil record of hylobatids back to 7-8 Ma and fills a critical gap in the evolutionary history of hominoids that has up until now remained elusive. Even so, molecular estimates of a divergence date of hylobatids from other hominoids at about 17-22 Ma signifies that there is still a substantial gap in the fossil record of more than 10 million years that needs to be filled in order to document the biogeographic origins and early evolution of hylobatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Ji
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Department of Paleoanthropology, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Terry Harrison
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Yunnan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Kunming, 650118, China; School of History, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yemao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Song Li
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guofu Wang
- Chuxiong Prefectural Museum, Chuxiong, 657000, China
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Malone MA, MacLatchy LM, Mitani JC, Kityo R, Kingston JD. A chimpanzee enamel-diet δ 13C enrichment factor and a refined enamel sampling strategy: Implications for dietary reconstructions. J Hum Evol 2021; 159:103062. [PMID: 34536662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing diets from stable carbon isotopic signals in enamel bioapatite requires the application of a δ13C enamel-diet enrichment factor, or the isotopic offset between diet and enamel, which has not been empirically determined for any primate. In this study, an enamel-diet enrichment factor (ε∗enamel-diet) of 11.8 ± 0.3‰ is calculated for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda, based on a comprehensive isotopic assessment of previously analyzed dietary plant data and new isotopic analyses of enamel apatite. Different enamel sampling methods are evaluated to determine the potential influence of weaning on isotopic enamel values and dietary interpretations. The new chimpanzee enrichment factor and a sampling strategy that excludes teeth that formed before weaning completion are applied to all known chimpanzee δ13Cenamel data, either previously published or newly derived in this study, resulting in a dietary range of almost 6‰ across all chimpanzees sampled. This new chimpanzee enamel-diet enrichment factor is then used to reassess dietary reconstructions of 12 fossil hominin species whose isotopic enamel signatures have been determined. Results reveal hominin diets that are isotopically more positive than previously reconstructed, highlighting the widespread contribution of 13C-enriched C4/crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) resources in fossil hominin diets and emphasizing the broad use of these resources during human evolution. These findings stress the importance of ascertaining and employing an appropriate enrichment factor for dietary reconstructions of specific taxa as well as standardizing the sampling protocol for tooth enamel in isotopic paleodietary reconstructions.
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Pan L, Ji X, Liao W, Wang W, Liu J, Xing S. Premolar enamel thickness and distribution of a Miocene hominid Lufengpithecus hudienensis compared with Pleistocene and extant hominids. J Hum Evol 2021; 157:103030. [PMID: 34274567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lufengpithecus hudienensis is a Late-Miocene hominid from the Yuanmou basin of southwestern China. Previous studies link Lufengpithecus to either the Sivapithecus-orangutan clade or a derived branch from the basal stem of the Hominidae. Despite a rich fossil assemblage, the taxonomy of L. hudienensis and its phylogenetic relationship with other hominids is still unclear. Enamel thickness in fossil and modern hominids can provide insights into taxonomy, phylogeny, and dietary reconstructions. In this study, 24 upper and lower L. hudienensis premolars were imaged using high-resolution microcomputed tomography. Three-dimensional average enamel thickness and relative enamel thickness (RET) indices, as well as whole-crown enamel distribution patterns were recorded for the L. hudienensis specimens and compared with a total of 113 specimens of fossil and extant apes and recent modern humans (RMH): fossil Pongo (n = 36), Gigantopithecus blacki (n = 21), Pan troglodytes (n = 11), Gorilla gorilla (n = 7), and RMH (n = 38). RET of the premolars of L. hudienensis was found to be similar to that of fossil Pongo, P. troglodytes, and G. gorilla, but less than Gi. blacki and RMH values. The distribution of enamel thickness shows a taxon-specific pattern for L. hudienensis, generally characterized by thicker enamel on the lateral wall than on the cusp apex, on the lingual cusp of the upper and buccal cusp of the lower premolars, with some differences with respect to fossil Pongo, Gi. blacki, P. troglodytes, and G. gorilla patterns. Additional characterizations of enamel thickness distribution patterns of the molars and other dental endostructural morphologies are needed to further explore the phylogenetic relationships of L. hudienensis with other hominids.
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Kikuchi Y, Ogihara N. Functional anatomy and adaptation of the third to sixth thoracic vertebrae in primates using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Primates 2021; 62:845-55. [PMID: 34245393 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of the cranial thoracic vertebrae has long been neglected in the study of primate skeletal functional morphology. This study explored the characteristics of the third to sixth thoracic vertebrae among various positional behavioural primates. A total of 67 skeletal samples from four species of hominoids, four of cercopithecoids, and two of platyrrhines were used. Computed tomography images of the thoracic vertebrae were converted to a three-dimensional (3D) bone surface, and 104 landmarks were obtained on the 3D surface. For size-independent shape analysis, the vertebrae were scaled to the same centroid size, and the normalised landmarks were registered using the generalised Procrustes method. Principle components of shape variation among samples were clarified using the variance-covariance matrix of the Procrustes residuals. The present study revealed that the transverse processes were more dorsally positioned in hominoids compared to non-hominoids. The results showed that not only a dorsolaterally oriented but also a dorsally positioned transverse process in relation to the vertebral arch contribute to the greater dorsal depth in hominoids than in monkeys. The thoracic vertebrae of Ateles and Nasalis show relatively dorsoventrally low and craniocaudally long vertebrae with craniocaudally long zygapophyses and craniocaudally long base/short tip of the caudally oriented spinous process, accompanied by a laterally oriented and craniocaudally long base of the transverse process. Despite being phylogenetically separated, the vertebral features of Ateles (suspensory platyrrhine with its prehensile tail's aid) are similar to those of Nasalis (arboreal quadrupedal/jumping/arm-swing colobine). The morphology of the third to sixth thoracic vertebrae tends to reflect the functional adaptation in relation to positional behaviour rather than the phylogenetic characteristics of hominoids, cercopithecoids, and platyrrhines.
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Zeininger A, Schmitt D, Wunderlich RE. Mechanics of heel-strike plantigrady in African apes. J Hum Evol 2020; 145:102840. [PMID: 32652258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of a walking step with a heel strike is a defining characteristic of humans and great apes but is rarely found in other mammals. Despite the considerable importance of heel strike to an understanding of human locomotor evolution, no one has explicitly tested the fundamental mechanical question of why great apes use a heel strike. In this report, we test two hypotheses (1) that heel strike is a function of hip protraction and/or knee extension and (2) that short-legged apes with a midfoot that dorsiflexes at heel lift and long digits for whom digitigrady is not an option use heel-strike plantigrady. This strategy increases hip translation while potentially moderating the cost of redirecting the center of mass ('collisional costs') during stance via rollover along the full foot from the heel to toes. We quantified hind limb kinematics and relative hip translation in ten species of primates, including lemurs, terrestrial and arboreal monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Chimpanzees and gorillas walked with relatively extended knees but only with moderately protracted hips or hind limbs, partially rejecting the first hypothesis. Nonetheless, chimpanzees attained relative hip translations comparable with those of digitigrade primates. Heel-strike plantigrady may be a natural result of a need for increased hip translations when forelimbs are relatively long and digitigrady is morphologically restricted. In addition, foot rollover from the heel to toe in large, short-legged apes may reduce energetic costs of redirecting the center of mass at the step-to-step transition as it appears to do in humans. Heel strike appears to have been an important mechanism for increasing hip translation, and possibly reducing energetic costs, in early hominins and was fundamental to the evolution of the modern human foot and human bipedalism.
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Agustí J, Oms O, Piñero P, Chochisvili G, Bukhsianidze M, Lordkipanidze D. Late survival of dryopithecine hominoids in Southern Caucasus. J Hum Evol 2019; 138:102690. [PMID: 31759255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Agustí
- IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Zona Educacional 4-Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - O Oms
- Departament de Geologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Piñero
- IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Zona Educacional 4-Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain
| | - G Chochisvili
- Georgian National Museum, 3 Putseladze Street, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M Bukhsianidze
- Georgian National Museum, 3 Putseladze Street, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - D Lordkipanidze
- Georgian National Museum, 3 Putseladze Street, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Shearer BM, Muchlinski M, Hammond AS. Large pelvic tubercle in orangutans relates to the adductor longus muscle. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7273. [PMID: 31403002 PMCID: PMC6688593 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Orangutan pelves commonly exhibit a large, projecting tubercle in the iliopubic region, historically assumed to homologous to the pubic tubercle in humans. However, it is not clear whether this tubercle is a unique feature of Pongo, or if it is anatomically homologous with the human pubic tubercle when considered as a soft tissue attachment point. To clarify this issue, we dissected orangutan and other ape cadaveric specimens to evaluate the pelvic brim soft tissues and how they may relate to the tubercle (when present). We additionally conducted a broad osteological survey of pelvic brim morphology across 28 primate genera (n = 294 specimens) to document the presence of the tubercle in primate pelves. Cadaveric dissections revealed that the tubercle is exclusively associated with the proximal attachment of the adductor longus muscle tendon in orangutans. Our osteological survey confirms that the tubercle is both constantly present and very prominent in orangutans. We observed that the tubercle is consistently situated along the pectineal line, lateral to where the pubic tubercle in humans is found, thereby making its structural homology unlikely. The osteological survey documented the tubercle at polymorphic frequencies in all hominoid taxa, though generally less protuberant than observed in Pongo. We argue that this further excludes its possibility of homology with the pubic tubercle, and that it may therefore be more appropriately be considered an adductor longus tubercle. We discuss possible functional and phylogenetic implications for this feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Shearer
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Anthropology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Muchlinski
- Anatomical Services Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ashley S. Hammond
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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Matsumura K, Imai H, Go Y, Kusuhara M, Yamaguchi K, Shirai T, Ohshima K. Transcriptional activation of a chimeric retrogene PIPSL in a hominoid ancestor. Gene 2018; 678:318-323. [PMID: 30096459 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Retrogenes are a class of functional genes derived from the mRNA of various intron-containing genes. PIPSL was created through a unique mechanism, whereby distinct genes were assembled at the RNA level, and the resulting chimera was then reverse transcribed and integrated into the genome by the L1 retrotransposon. Expression of PIPSL RNA via its transcription start sites (TSSs) has been confirmed in the testes of humans and chimpanzee. Here, we demonstrated that PIPSL RNA is expressed in the testis of the white-handed gibbon. The 5'-end positions of gibbon RNAs were confined to a narrow range upstream of the PIPSL start codon and overlapped with those of orangutan and human, suggesting that PIPSL TSSs are similar among hominoid species. Reporter assays using a luciferase gene and the flanking sequences of human PIPSL showed that an upstream sequence exhibits weak promoter activity in human cells. Our findings suggest that PIPSL might have acquired a promoter at an early stage of hominoid evolution before the divergence of gibbons and ultimately retained similar TSSs in all of the lineages. Moreover, the upstream sequence derived from the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, type I, alpha 5' untranslated region and/or neighboring repetitive sequences in the genome possibly exhibits promoter activity. Furthermore, we observed that a TATA-box-like sequence has emerged by nucleotide substitution in a lineage leading to humans, with this possibly responsible for a broader distribution of the human PIPSL TSSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Matsumura
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan; Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Sunto, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan; School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Sunto, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohshima
- Graduate School of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan.
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Rossie JB, Hill A. A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya. J Hum Evol 2018; 125:50-58. [PMID: 30502897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new species of the "small-bodied ape" Simiolus is described here that extends the temporal range of the genus to the end of the Middle Miocene. As such, it is one of the few species of fossil primates known from East Africa during a time of significant change in which Old World monkeys and crown hominoids replaced the primitive ape-like primates that had dominated the early Miocene. The dynamics of this important event in our evolutionary history are obscured by the small number of fossil primates known from Africa between 14 and 6 million years ago, as well as persistent ambiguity regarding the phylogenetic status of the ape-like Miocene primates. The new species described here helps to fill this temporal gap, and our analysis of its phylogenetic position suggests that Simiolus and many other Miocene primates were not only ape-like, they were, indeed, stem hominoids. Judging from the available material, the new species may be the smallest known ape.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Rossie
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Andrew Hill
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to external bone shape and cortical bone thickness and distribution, the distribution and orientation of internal trabecular bone across individuals and species has yielded important functional information on how bone adapts in response to load. In particular, trabecular bone analysis has played a key role in studies of human and nonhuman primate locomotion and has shown that species with different locomotor repertoires display distinct trabecular architecture in various regions of the skeleton. In this study, we analyse trabecular structure throughout the distal femur of extant hominoids and test for differences due to locomotor loading regime. METHODS Micro-computed tomography scans of Homo sapiens (n = 11), Pan troglodytes (n = 18), Gorilla gorilla (n = 14) and Pongo sp. (n = 7) were used to investigate trabecular structure throughout the distal epiphysis of the femur. We predicted that bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the medial and lateral condyles in Homo would be distally concentrated and more anisotropic due to a habitual extended knee posture at the point of peak ground reaction force during bipedal locomotion, whereas great apes would show more posteriorly concentrated BV/TV and greater isotropy due to a flexed knee posture and more variable hindlimb use during locomotion. RESULTS Results indicate some significant differences between taxa, with the most prominent being higher BV/TV in the posterosuperior region of the condyles in Pan and higher BV/TV and anisotropy in the posteroinferior region in Homo. Furthermore, trabecular number, spacing and thickness differ significantly, mainly separating Gorilla from the other apes. DISCUSSION The trabecular architecture of the distal femur holds a functional signal linked to habitual behaviour; however, there was more similarity across taxa and greater intraspecific variability than expected. Specifically, there was a large degree of overlap in trabecular structure across the sample, and Homo was not as distinct as predicted. Nonetheless, this study offers a comparative sample of trabecular structure in the hominoid distal femur and can contribute to future studies of locomotion in extinct taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoni Georgiou
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Tracy L. Kivell
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, UK
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dieter H. Pahr
- Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner Private University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, Kent, UK
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Deane AS. Re-evaluating the diets of Morotopithecus bishopi and Afropithecus turkanensis: An anterior dentognathic perspective. J Hum Evol 2017; 112:1-14. [PMID: 29037412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Afropithecus turkanensis (17-17.5 Ma; Kalodirr, Buluk, Locherangan, Moruorot, Nabwal Hills; Kenya) and Morotopithecus bishopi (20.6 Ma; Moroto II; Uganda) are both large-bodied catarrhines from the early Miocene of eastern Africa with relatively primitive cranial and postcanine dental morphology. They are primarily differentiated by a temporal separation of ∼3.6 million years and by postcranial samples suggesting that M. bishopi was capable of orthograde postures and below-branch arboreality, while A. turkanensis was most likely a pronograde quadruped. Several researchers dispute the validity of the postcranial and dating evidence and argue that M. bishopi and A. turkanensis may be congeneric or even conspecific. Although A. turkanensis possesses a derived suite of specialized anterior dentognathic characters that are functionally convergent with extant pitheciins and associated with sclerocarp foraging and maxillary canine dietary function, a similar analysis of M. bishopi anterior dentognathic anatomy is presently lacking. The current study addresses this shortcoming via a detailed morphometric analysis of relevant A. turkanensis and M. bishopi specimens preserving the anterior palate, maxillary canines and incisors. Results indicate that the anterior dentognathic morphologies of A. turkanensis and M. bishopi are distinct and represent significantly dissimilar feeding adaptations. Specifically, M. bishopi lacks the elongated and anteriorly narrow premaxilla, lateral incisors that are more posterior and mesially positioned relative to the central incisors, and pronounced yet evenly distributed mesial curvature of the maxillary canine that are shared by A. turkanensis and extant pitheciins. Given that A. turkanensis anterior dentognathic morphology is functionally convergent with extant pitheciins to the exclusion of M. bishopi, it is likely that M. bishopi and A. turkanensis have dissimilar feeding adaptations. Although a systematic analysis is required to verify these species at the generic and species level, the absence of any substantial morphological similarity in their anterior dentognathic anatomy is most consistent with the interpretation that M. bishopi and A. turkanensis represent, at the least, different species.
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Drapeau MSM. Metacarpal torsion in apes, humans, and early Australopithecus: implications for manipulatory abilities. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1311. [PMID: 26500820 PMCID: PMC4614803 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hands, when compared to that of apes, have a series of adaptations to facilitate manipulation. Numerous studies have shown that Australopithecus afarensis and Au. africanus display some of these adaptations, such as a longer thumb relative to the other fingers, asymmetric heads on the second and fifth metacarpals, and orientation of the second metacarpal joints with the trapezium and capitate away from the sagittal plane, while lacking others such as a very mobile fifth metacarpal, a styloid process on the third, and a flatter metacarpo-trapezium articulation, suggesting some adaptation to manipulation but more limited than in humans. This paper explores variation in metacarpal torsion, a trait said to enhance manipulation, in humans, apes, early australopithecines and specimens from Swartkrans. This study shows that humans are different from large apes in torsion of the third and fourth metacarpals. Humans are also characterized by wedge-shaped bases of the third and fourth metacarpals, making the metacarpal-base row very arched mediolaterally and placing the ulnar-most metacarpals in a position that facilitate opposition to the thumb in power or cradle grips. The third and fourth metacarpals of Au. afarensis are very human-like, suggesting that the medial palm was already well adapted for these kinds of grips in that taxon. Au. africanus present a less clear human-like morphology, suggesting, perhaps, that the medial palm was less suited to human-like manipulation in that taxa than in Au. afarensis. Overall, this study supports previous studies on Au. afarensis and Au. africanus that these taxa had derived hand morphology with some adaptation to human-like power and precision grips and support the hypothesis that dexterous hands largely predated Homo.
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Heuzé Y, Balzeau A. Asymmetry of the midfacial skeleton of eastern lowland gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri) and potential association with frontal lobe asymmetries. J Hum Evol 2014; 74:123-129. [PMID: 24742879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Heuzé
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Antoine Balzeau
- Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194 du CNRS, Département de Préhistoire du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
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17
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Huynh Nguyen N, Pahr DH, Gross T, Skinner MM, Kivell TL. Micro-finite element (μFE) modeling of the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) third proximal phalanx: the functional role of curvature and the flexor sheath ridge. J Hum Evol 2014; 67:60-75. [PMID: 24496040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phalangeal curvature is a commonly used morphological feature for the interpretation of extant and fossil primate locomotor behaviour. Here, we build on a recent biomechanical study (Richmond, 2007) in two ways: first, we use a 3D micro-FE model, which models the real internal microstructure (i.e., cortical thickness and trabecular bone structure) and, second, we model four siamang third proximal phalanges. We test identical 2D homogenized FE models and two 3D micro-FE phalanx models that are mathematically straightened to isolate the biomechanical significance of curvature. We further investigate how varying the loading configuration (e.g., boundary constraints) and modeling (e.g., 2D versus 3D) affects the biomechanical behaviour of the phalanx. Finally, we examine how intraspecific variation in external and internal bony morphology affects the biomechanical behaviour of the phalanx. Simulation results demonstrate that the general pattern of strain and displacement is similar between the 3D micro-FE and 2D homogenized FE models but the absolute values differ substantially. The biomechanical behaviour of the 3D FE models more closely match the relative strain patterns from the validation experiment than the 2D homogenized FE models, indicating the 3D microstructure model is preferable. Varying the loading configuration can have dramatic effects on the biomechanical behaviour of the phalanx depending on individual morphology, but overall a cantilevered beam model is an equally valid, if not better, configuration for modeling the phalanx as other previously-proposed models. Variation in flexor ridge morphology has a substantial effect on phalanx strain; the taller the ridge, the less strain incurred by other regions of the palmar shaft. Finally, phalangeal curvature reduces overall strain experienced by the phalanx, but does not necessarily reduce bending or increase the compression-to-tension ratio. These results confirm the adaptive role of phalangeal curvature during flexed-finger grasping postures and demonstrate that modeling variation in cortical thickness and flexor ridge morphology improves the behaviour of the FE model, which has important implications for the functional interpretation of phalanx form.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Huynh Nguyen
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Gross
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London WC1H 0BW, UK; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK.
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