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Lin L, Pan X, Zhang S, Li D, Zhai W, Wang Z, Tao J, Mi C, Li Q, Crittenden JC. Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:74-84. [PMID: 33637267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China.
| | - Xiong Pan
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China
| | - Danwen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wenliang Zhai
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China
| | - Jingxiang Tao
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China
| | - Changqing Mi
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China; Key Lab of Basin Water Resource and Eco-Environmental Science in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute of Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Zhang K, Chen X, Xiong X, Ruan Y, Zhou H, Wu C, Lam PKS. The hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Source or sink of microplastics in the water? Environ Pollut 2019; 248:279-285. [PMID: 30798029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reservoirs can be an important environmental compartment for microplastic pollution. Previous investigations have found that surface waters and sediments in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) have had high microplastic abundance, and the Xiangxi River, which is one of the largest primary tributaries of the TGR, has had much higher microplastic abundance than several marine and freshwater systems in China. A strip of land on the bank of the reservoir area, which is called the hydro-fluctuation belt (HFB), is periodically exposed due to the special hydrodynamic conditions in the TGR. The HFB may be an important source and/or sink of microplastics in TGR. In this study, microplastic occurrence in sediments from the Xiangxi River HFB was investigated to reflect the local microplastic pollution status and to evaluate its potential to serve as a source/sink of microplastics in the TGR. Seven sampling sites were selected, and sediments within the HFB and above the belt were collected in summer when the water level was low. The results showed that the microplastic abundance ranged from 0.55 ± 0.12 × 103 to 14.58 ± 5.67 × 103 particles m-2, which was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that in sediments from the Xiangxi River in our previous study (80-846 particles m-2). Statistical analysis revealed that the microplastic abundance within the HFB was significantly higher than that of the area above the HFB. The results indicate that the HFB can be an important microplastic sink when the water level is low, and the belt can turn into a potential source when the water level is high. Cluster analysis was applied to reveal the characteristics of the microplastics collected at different sites, and the results suggest that the cluster analysis may be a useful tool in elucidating the source and fate of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xianchuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hane Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Nie Y, Zhang Z, Wang M, Shen Q, Li Y, Gao W, Yang L. Seasonal variations of carbonic anhydrase activity in Chongqing urban section of Jialing River and its influencing factors. Chemosphere 2017; 179:202-212. [PMID: 28371704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme in algal carbon-utilization that plays an important role in the formation of algal blooms. A year-long monitoring program in the shore area of Chongqing Urban Section of the Jialing River (JR) was launched to determine the variations in carbonic anhydrase activity (CAA) and its change mechanism in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area. The variations in basic water quality parameters, different carbon forms, and CAA were investigated from November 2013 to October 2014. Results showed that the mean CAA value in JR was 0.67 ± 0.31 EU/106 cells. CAA was high during the flood stage, low during the impounding stage, and peaked on April 3, 2014 during the discharging stage. No significant difference was observed in the CAA of different sampling sites in JR. However, a significant difference was observed between the CAA of JR and that of the Yangtze River. Correlation analyses showed that water temperature, pH, algal cell density, and dissoluble organic carbon were positively correlated with CAA, whereas CO2 and dissoluble inorganic carbon were negatively correlated with CAA. A model for CAA and related parameters was built through principal component regression. The equation was expressed as follows: CAA = 0.116T + 0.00746Cells+0.0156pH-0.0157CO2-0.0150DIC+0.0135DOC+0.565. Results revealed that CAA in JR was controlled by multiple factors, which could be used for CAA monitoring. The model demonstrated a potential value in controlling algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Nie
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yinfan Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wenjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing, 400045, China
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Jiang P, Shi D, Hu X, Huang X, Li Y, Guo T. Soil stability characteristics of mulberry lands at hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:634. [PMID: 26385473 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is a typical seasonal and artificial wetland system and ecologically fragile zone. Using the widely existing mulberry forest lands in the hydro-fluctuation belt as an example and the 180-m water-level forest land as a control, this paper analyzes the soil stability of mulberry forestlands at different water levels in the hydro-fluctuation belt by analyzing and comparing the changes between soil physical and mechanical properties. The results indicated that (1) water-level changes, such as rising, flooding, draining, and exposure, affect the soil structure in mulberry forestlands. The soil agglomeration statuses for the soil layers decreased from 180 > 175 > 170 > 165 m, and the soil agglomeration statuses at a depth of 0∼20 cm decreased by 43.79, 44.95, and 57.45% compared with the control. (2) The soil water stability index decreased as follows: 180 > 170 > 175 > 165 m, which only accounted for 50.00, 47.73, and 40.91% of the control. In addition, the soil water stability indexes for the topsoils at various water levels were 1.87 (180 m), 1.67 (175 m), 2.92 (170 m), and 1.86 (165 m) times greater than those of the subsoils; thus, the resistance to hydraulic dispersion and disintegration were greater in the topsoil than in the subsoil. (3) The soil aggregate stability index decreased from 180 > 165 > 170 > 175 m and by 22.75, 23.53, and 35.29% compared with the control. (4) The soil shear strengths (composed of the cohesive force C and the internal friction angle φ) of the topsoils at water levels of 175, 170, and 165 m were significantly lower than in the control, and the internal friction angles decreased by 10.52, 19.08, and 43.25% and the cohesive force decreased by 9.88, 16.36, and 27.51%, respectively. The stability of the soil structure was greatly influenced by the soil clay content, soil organic matter content, and waterlogging duration. The study results could provide scientific support for soil and water conservation in the hydro-fluctuation belt and for biological filter construction in the Three Gorges Reservoir area to control the transport of sediment and non-point source pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation and Eco-environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation and Eco-environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Xueqin Hu
- Department of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xianzhi Huang
- Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yexin Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation and Eco-environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tianlei Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation and Eco-environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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