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King PK, Chen CY, Fissel LM, Li ZY. Effects of grain alignment efficiency on synthetic dust polarization observations of molecular clouds. Mon Not R Astron Soc 2019; 490:2760-2778. [PMID: 32616967 PMCID: PMC7307389 DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the polarized continuum emission from magnetically aligned dust grains is determined to a large extent by local magnetic field structure. However, the observed significant anticorrelation between polarization fraction and column density may be strongly affected, perhaps even dominated by variations in grain alignment efficiency with local conditions, in contrast to standard assumptions of a spatially homogeneous grain alignment efficiency. Here we introduce a generic way to incorporate heterogeneous grain alignment into synthetic polarization observations of molecular clouds (MCs), through a simple model where the grain alignment efficiency depends on the local gas density as a power law. We justify the model using results derived from radiative torque alignment theory. The effects of power-law heterogeneous alignment models on synthetic observations of simulated MCs are presented. We find that the polarization fraction-column density correlation can be brought into agreement with observationally determined values through heterogeneous alignment, though there remains degeneracy with the relative strength of cloud-scale magnetized turbulence and the mean magnetic field orientation relative to the observer. We also find that the dispersion in polarization angles-polarization fraction correlation remains robustly correlated despite the simultaneous changes to both observables in the presence of heterogeneous alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K King
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Che-Yu Chen
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - L M Fissel
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Zhi-Yun Li
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Treviño-Morales SP, Fuente A, Sánchez-Monge Á, Kainulainen J, Didelon P, Suri S, Schneider N, Ballesteros-Paredes J, Lee YN, Hennebelle P, Pilleri P, González-García M, Kramer C, García-Burillo S, Luna A, Goicoechea JR, Tremblin P, Geen S. Dynamics of cluster-forming hub-filament systems: The case of the high-mass star-forming complex Monoceros R2. Astron Astrophys 2019; 629:A81. [PMID: 31673163 PMCID: PMC6823053 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT High-mass stars and star clusters commonly form within hub-filament systems. Monoceros R2 (hereafter Mon R2), at a distance of 830 pc, harbors one of the closest such systems, making it an excellent target for case studies. AIMS We investigate the morphology, stability and dynamical properties of the Mon R2 hub-filament system. METHODS We employ observations of the 13CO and C18O 1→0 and 2→1 lines obtained with the IRAM-30m telescope. We also use H2 column density maps derived from Herschel dust emission observations. RESULTS We identified the filamentary network in Mon R2 with the DisPerSE algorithm and characterized the individual filaments as either main (converging into the hub) or secondary (converging to a main filament) filaments. The main filaments have line masses of 30-100 M ⊙ pc-1 and show signs of fragmentation, while the secondary filaments have line masses of 12-60 M ⊙ pc-1 and show fragmentation only sporadically. In the context of Ostriker's hydrostatic filament model, the main filaments are thermally supercritical. If non-thermal motions are included, most of them are trans-critical. Most of the secondary filaments are roughly transcritical regardless of whether non-thermal motions are included or not. From the morphology and kinematics of the main filaments, we estimate a mass accretion rate of 10-4-10-3 M ⊙ yr-1 into the central hub. The secondary filaments accrete into the main filaments with a rate of 0.1-0.4×10-4 M ⊙ yr-1. The main filaments extend into the central hub. Their velocity gradients increase towards the hub, suggesting acceleration of the gas.We estimate that with the observed infall velocity, the mass-doubling time of the hub is ~ 2:5 Myr, ten times larger than the free-fall time, suggesting a dynamically old region. These timescales are comparable with the chemical age of the Hii region. Inside the hub, the main filaments show a ring- or a spiral-like morphology that exhibits rotation and infall motions. One possible explanation for the morphology is that gas is falling into the central cluster following a spiral-like pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Treviño-Morales
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, SE-412 93 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Fuente
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Apdo. 112, 28803 Alcalá de Henares Madrid, Spain
| | - Á Sánchez-Monge
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - J Kainulainen
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, SE-412 93 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Didelon
- Laboratoire AIM, Paris-Saclay, CEA/IRFU/SAp - CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S Suri
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Schneider
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - J Ballesteros-Paredes
- Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 3-72, 58090 Morelia, Mexico
| | - Y-N Lee
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - P Hennebelle
- Laboratoire AIM, Paris-Saclay, CEA/IRFU/SAp - CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P Pilleri
- IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M González-García
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - C Kramer
- Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
| | - S García-Burillo
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Apdo. 112, 28803 Alcalá de Henares Madrid, Spain
| | - A Luna
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Luis Enrique Erro #1, 72840 Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - J R Goicoechea
- Instituto de Física Fundamental (CSIC). Calle Serrano 121, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Tremblin
- Laboratoire AIM, Paris-Saclay, CEA/IRFU/SAp - CNRS - Université Paris Diderot, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S Geen
- Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Universität Heidelberg, Albert-Ueberle-Str. 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Jóhannesson G, Porter TA, Moskalenko IV. The Three-dimensional Spatial Distribution of Interstellar Gas in the Milky Way: Implications for Cosmic Rays and High-energy Gamma-ray Emissions. Astrophys J 2018; 856:45. [PMID: 34776517 PMCID: PMC8587814 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab26e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurements of cosmic ray (CR) species combined with observations of their associated γ-ray emissions can be used to constrain models of CR propagation, trace the structure of the Galaxy, and search for signatures of new physics. The spatial density distribution of interstellar gas is a vital element for all these studies. So far, models have employed the 2D cylindrically symmetric geometry, but their accuracy is well behind that of the available data. In this paper, 3D spatial density models for neutral and molecular hydrogen are constructed based on empirical model fitting to gas line-survey data. The developed density models incorporate spiral arms and account for the warping of the disk, and the increasing gas scale height with radial distance from the Galactic center. They are employed together with the GALPROP CR propagation code to investigate how the new 3D gas models affect calculations of CR propagation and high-energy γ-ray intensity maps. The calculations reveal non-trivial features that are directly related to the new gas models. The best-fit values for propagation model parameters employing 3D gas models are presented and they differ significantly from those derived with the 2D gas density models that have been widely used. The combination of 3D CR and gas density models provide a more realistic basis for the interpretation of non-thermal emissions from the Galaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guđlaugur Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Troy A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Igor V Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Bron E, Daudon C, Pety J, Levrier F, Gerin M, Gratier P, Orkisz JH, Guzman V, Bardeau S, Goicoechea JR, Liszt H, Öberg K, Peretto N, Sievers A, Tremblin P. Clustering the Orion B giant molecular cloud based on its molecular emission. Astron Astrophys 2018; 610:A12. [PMID: 29456256 PMCID: PMC5813791 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201731833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous attempts at segmenting molecular line maps of molecular clouds have focused on using position-position-velocity data cubes of a single molecular line to separate the spatial components of the cloud. In contrast, wide field spectral imaging over a large spectral bandwidth in the (sub)mm domain now allows one to combine multiple molecular tracers to understand the different physical and chemical phases that constitute giant molecular clouds (GMCs). AIMS We aim at using multiple tracers (sensitive to different physical processes and conditions) to segment a molecular cloud into physically/chemically similar regions (rather than spatially connected components), thus disentangling the different physical/chemical phases present in the cloud. METHODS We use a machine learning clustering method, namely the Meanshift algorithm, to cluster pixels with similar molecular emission, ignoring spatial information. Clusters are defined around each maximum of the multidimensional Probability Density Function (PDF) of the line integrated intensities. Simple radiative transfer models were used to interpret the astrophysical information uncovered by the clustering analysis. RESULTS A clustering analysis based only on the J = 1 - 0 lines of three isotopologues of CO proves suffcient to reveal distinct density/column density regimes (nH ~ 100 cm-3, ~ 500 cm-3, and > 1000 cm-3), closely related to the usual definitions of diffuse, translucent and high-column-density regions. Adding two UV-sensitive tracers, the J = 1 - 0 line of HCO+ and the N = 1 - 0 line of CN, allows us to distinguish two clearly distinct chemical regimes, characteristic of UV-illuminated and UV-shielded gas. The UV-illuminated regime shows overbright HCO+ and CN emission, which we relate to a photochemical enrichment effect. We also find a tail of high CN/HCO+ intensity ratio in UV-illuminated regions. Finer distinctions in density classes (nH ~ 7 × 103 cm-3 ~ 4 × 104 cm-3) for the densest regions are also identified, likely related to the higher critical density of the CN and HCO+ (1 - 0) lines. These distinctions are only possible because the high-density regions are spatially resolved. CONCLUSIONS Molecules are versatile tracers of GMCs because their line intensities bear the signature of the physics and chemistry at play in the gas. The association of simultaneous multi-line, wide-field mapping and powerful machine learning methods such as the Meanshift clustering algorithm reveals how to decode the complex information available in these molecular tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Bron
- ICMM, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC). E-28049. Madrid, Spain
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, 92190 Meudon, France
| | - Chloé Daudon
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Pety
- IRAM, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - François Levrier
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maryvonne Gerin
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gratier
- Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Jan H Orkisz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRAM, 38000 Grenoble, France
- IRAM, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Viviana Guzman
- Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO), Alonso de Cordova 3107 Vitacura, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Javier R Goicoechea
- ICMM, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC). E-28049. Madrid, Spain
| | - Harvey Liszt
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Karin Öberg
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Nicolas Peretto
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen's buildings, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | | | - Pascal Tremblin
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA-CNRS-INRIA-UPS-UVSQ, USR 3441, Centre d'étude de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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Rayner TSM, Griffin MJ, Schneider N, Motte F, Kӧnyves V, André P, Di Francesco J, Didelon P, Pattle K, Ward-Thompson D, Anderson LD, Benedettini M, Bernard JP, Bontemps S, Elia D, Fuente A, Hennemann M, Hill T, Kirk J, Marsh K, Men’shchikov A, Nguyen Luong Q, Peretto N, Pezzuto S, Rivera-Ingraham A, Roy A, Rygl K, Sánchez-Monge Á, Spinoglio L, Tigé J, Treviño-Morales SP, White GJ. Far-infrared observations of a massive cluster forming in the Monoceros R2 filament hub ⋆. Astron Astrophys 2017; 607:A22. [PMID: 31844331 PMCID: PMC6914369 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201630039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present far-infrared observations of Monoceros R2 (a giant molecular cloud at approximately 830 pc distance, containing several sites of active star formation), as observed at 70 μm, 160 μm, 250 μm, 350 μm, and 500 μm by the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) and Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) instruments on the Herschel Space Observatory as part of the Herschel imaging survey of OB young stellar objects (HOBYS) Key programme. The Herschel data are complemented by SCUBA-2 data in the submillimetre range, and WISE and Spitzer data in the mid-infrared. In addition, C18O data from the IRAM 30-m Telescope are presented, and used for kinematic information. Sources were extracted from the maps with getsources, and from the fluxes measured, spectral energy distributions were constructed, allowing measurements of source mass and dust temperature. Of 177 Herschel sources robustly detected in the region (a detection with high signal-to-noise and low axis ratio at multiple wavelengths), including protostars and starless cores, 29 are found in a filamentary hub at the centre of the region (a little over 1% of the observed area). These objects are on average smaller, more massive, and more luminous than those in the surrounding regions (which together suggest that they are at a later stage of evolution), a result that cannot be explained entirely by selection effects. These results suggest a picture in which the hub may have begun star formation at a point significantly earlier than the outer regions, possibly forming as a result of feedback from earlier star formation. Furthermore, the hub may be sustaining its star formation by accreting material from the surrounding filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. S. M. Rayner
- Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University,
Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - M. J. Griffin
- Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University,
Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - N. Schneider
- I. Physik. Institut, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne,
Germany
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux,
CNRS, B18N, allée G. Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - F. Motte
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut de Planetologie et
d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU – CNRS/INSU –
Université Paris Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
| | - V. Kӧnyves
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU – CNRS/INSU –
Université Paris Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
| | - P. André
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU – CNRS/INSU –
Université Paris Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
| | | | - P. Didelon
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU – CNRS/INSU –
Université Paris Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
| | - K. Pattle
- Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire,
Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - D. Ward-Thompson
- Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire,
Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - L. D. Anderson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - M. Benedettini
- INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via
Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - J-P. Bernard
- Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse,
France
| | - S. Bontemps
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux,
CNRS, B18N, allée G. Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - D. Elia
- INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via
Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. Fuente
- Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), Apdo 112, E-28803
Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Hennemann
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU – CNRS/INSU –
Université Paris Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
| | - T. Hill
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU – CNRS/INSU –
Université Paris Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
- Joint ALMA Observatory, 3107 Alonso de Cordova, Vitacura, Santiago,
Chile
| | - J. Kirk
- Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire,
Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - K. Marsh
- Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University,
Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - A. Men’shchikov
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU – CNRS/INSU –
Université Paris Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
| | - Q. Nguyen Luong
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeokdae-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-348, Republic of Korea
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Chile Observatory,
2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
| | - N. Peretto
- Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University,
Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - S. Pezzuto
- INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via
Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - A. Roy
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU – CNRS/INSU –
Université Paris Diderot, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
| | - K. Rygl
- INAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129
Bologna, Italy
| | - Á. Sánchez-Monge
- I. Physik. Institut, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne,
Germany
| | - L. Spinoglio
- INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via
Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - J. Tigé
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire
d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - S. P. Treviño-Morales
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana
Inés de la Cruz 3, E-28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - G. J. White
- The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0NL,
UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Milton
Keynes, UK
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