Mi X, Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Greiner MA, Setoguchi S. Impact of immortal person-time and time scale in comparative effectiveness research for medical devices: a case for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.
J Clin Epidemiol 2013;
66:S138-44. [PMID:
23849148 DOI:
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.01.014]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To assess the extent of immortal time bias in estimating the clinical effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and the impact of methods of handling immortal time bias.
STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING
Retrospective population-based cohort study of patients with heart failure in a national registry linked to Medicare claims (2003-2008). We compared three methods of handling immortal time bias, namely the Mantel-Byar (or time-dependent exposure assignment), the landmark, and the exclusion methods.
RESULTS
Of the 5,226 study patients, 1,274 (24.4%) received ICD therapy. Total person-years in the Mantel-Byar method were 2,639, or 490 more than that in the exclusion method, reflecting potential immortal time in the study. The exclusion method yielded a hazard ratio of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63-0.80), which was 16% lower than the Mantel-Byar method (0.84; 95% CI: 0.75-0.95). The 120-day landmark method yielded similar results to those produced by the Mantel-Byar method (0.82; 95% CI: 0.72-0.95).
CONCLUSIONS
Immortal time bias was detected in the ICD clinical effectiveness study, which might have led to substantial bias overestimating the treatment effect if handled by exclusion. When an appropriate landmark was selected, that method yielded similar hazard ratios to those obtained by the Mantel-Byar method, supporting the validity of the landmark method.
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