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Liu Q, He Q, Yi X, Zhang J, Gao H, Liu X. Uptake, accumulation and translocation mechanisms of organophosphate esters in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) following foliar exposure. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169462. [PMID: 38141974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been frequently detected in crops. However, few studies have focused on the uptake and translocation of OPEs in plants following foliar exposure. Herein, to investigate the foliar uptake, accumulation and translocation mechanisms of OPEs in plant, the cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was selected as a model plant for OPEs exposure via foliar application under control conditions. The results showed that the content of OPEs in the leaf cuticle was higher than that in the mesophyll on exposed leaf. Significant positive correlations were observed between the content of OPEs in the leaf cuticle and their log Kow and log Kcw values (P < 0.01), suggesting that OPEs with high hydrophobicity could not easily move from the cuticle to the mesophyll. The moderately hydrophobic OPEs, such as tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP, log Kow = 2.59), were more likely to move not only from the cuticle to the mesophyll but also from the mesophyll to the phloem. The majority of the transported OPEs accumulated in younger leaves (32-45 %), indicating that younger tissue was the primary target organ for OPEs accumulation after foliar exposure. Compared to chlorinated OPEs (except TCPP) and aryl OPEs, alkyl OPEs exhibited the strongest transport capacity in cucumber seedling due to their high hydrophilicity. Interestingly, tri-p-cresyl phosphate was found to be more prone to translocation compared to tri-m-cresyl phosphate and tri-o-cresyl phosphate, despite having same molecular weight and similar log Kow value. These results can contribute to our understanding of foliar uptake and translocation mechanism of OPEs by plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinyue Yi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huixian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xianbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology (TUST), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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